Ethical appraisal of a science research proposal Essay

Ethical appraisal of a science research proposal - Essay Example Blood samples will be collected from the volunteers for lymphocyte preparation and DNA extraction purposes. By collecting blood samples from volunteers who are receiving methadone replacement therapy, this study aims to determine the role of opioid receptors (i.e. ?, ? and ? ) that contributes to the mechanism of tolerance, drug resistance, and susceptibility to the drug. This study will benefit forensic toxicologists in enabling them offer a more meaningful interpretation of a blood drug concentration found in heroin abuse cases. This study will test the following hypothesis: (1) there is phenotypic inter-individual variation in the ability of UK population to maintain tolerance to heroin; (2) that this variation is a consequence of genetic polymorphism in opioid receptors; and (3) that individuals with specific genotypes have heightened sensitivity to modifying effects of methadone replacement therapy. ... To assess the contribution of methadone replacement in the patterns of opioid receptor expression, the researcher will re-measure the key receptor levels after the 6th week of methadone replacement period. Aside from identifying volunteers with responsive receptor to methadone replacement therapy, this approach will enable the researcher minimize the potential confounding effect of habitual lifestyle on phenotypically â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† expressers. Individuals with high or low levels of receptors and those with responsive phenotype will be classified under subgroups. Eventually, lymphocytes taken from the volunteers will be transformed using Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) to produce immortalized cell lines which will be use as a model system in studying the drug gene interactions that could modulate opiate receptor levels. Identification, Discussion of Ethical Issues, and Control of Ethical Issues Respect for Human Rights Among the common ethical issues that may happe n when conducting a scientific-based research study includes matters that are related to the well-being of another person. As a common rule when conducting the actual research study, the researcher should respect the rights of another person by allowing them to make their own decision whether or not to participate in this study (Iltis, 2006, p. 126; Gregory, 2003, p. 41). In line with this, Israel and Hay (2006, p. 96) explained that harm caused by research activities is often â€Å"more likely to involve psychological distress, discomfort, social disadvantage, invasion of privacy or infringement of rights more than physical injury†. Iltis (2006, p. 139) stated that â€Å"disrespect occurs when researchers violate

The Santa Clara University ethics committee stated Essay Example for Free

The Santa Clara University ethics committee stated Essay he function of morals in society is more or less to distinguish between what is best for society as a whole, generally speaking, the way for the most people to be happy. Drugs in society are looked down upon, though widely used throughout civilization. More importantly, drugs are given a negative outlook especially when they put other innocent lives in danger. Drugs in the workplace create hazard upon hazard no matter what the job may be, however, people have the right to do whatever they want on their own free time, as long as it does not cause harm to others. This is where a moral dilemma is developed. Are the rights of others to have a safe working environment greater than the right to privacy? The morality of drug-testing is more than just a matter of drug-abuse in the workplace, as it presses the issue of an employees basic right to privacy as well as an employers right to getting the most out of each of their employees. Employers have the right to getting the most out of each worker and employees have the duty to protect society from any harm, financial, physical, or emotional. Therefore if employees must take drug tests to prove their ability, than drug testing should be morally and ethically acceptable. The 4th amendment guarantees citizens the right to privacy as long as what they do in their private lives does not harm other people. It has been argued time and time again that drug testing steals this right from people, and maybe in some ways it does. People do have the right to treat themselves how they want, and also have the right to enjoy life however they choose to enjoy it. As long as these measures go to an extent at which they violate no moral or ethical codes, privacy is surely acceptable. The idea of drugs entering the workplace is a threat to not only the user, but also employers themselves, the co-workers around them, and the innocent citizens of society. Â  Employers give opportunity to employees. This is called the Employment at Will principle. Employers hire based on who will make their business run on all cylinders, at the best possible production rate. The more productive the business, the more financially secure the business may become. So when an employee is not pulling his or her weight, the company must fix the problem or release the worker in order to find someone better prepared for the criteria the job entails. It is pure common sense that doing anything while under the influence of drugs or alcohol that the production is significantly diminished. The Santa Clara University Ethics Committee stated, Employers have a moral right to a fair days work in exchange for a fair days pay (SCU 1998). They claim that employers have the right to inquire into anything that seriously interferes with an employee rendering a fair days work (SCU 1998). Drugs and alcohol on the workplace only hurt the employer. That means the chance they took with the user failed them and that their business is not running as solid and smoothly as it should. Even more reason for employers to be pro-drug testing is some startling facts concerning drugs at work. First and foremost, the fact that approximately forty-four percent of young adults admit to having used drugs in the past year. These are all people entering the workforce. With this statistic in mind, it is only common sense for employers to fear that they are not getting the most out of each of their employees. If nearly one in every two workers is not performing the way they ought to be, then the business is probably not producing as well as it could be. The second figure that brings about major consideration is that drug and alcohol abuse cost employers nearly $100 billion in lost productivity per year. The number itself hurts the credibility of any worker, but more importantly, forces the employer to believe that their business may fall into that lost $100 billion somewhere. Why should an employer fear losing a great deal of money because their employees, who are given the opportunity to work and make money, are coming to work under the influence of drugs and alcohol? Philosopher Hugh LaFollette stated, Employers can make extensive demands on their employees, simply because it is their pleasure. The employer is giving the employee a chance to make a living. If the employee wants to retain a job, they need to show respect to their employer by not working while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The employer owns the business; therefore the employer sets the standards. Â  Society as a whole is expected morally to protect each of their citizens, and if drugs are being brought into the workplace, a major moral dilemma is brought to attention. It is a fact that drugs and alcohol, while used on the job, can only cause harm. One survey reported that employees who are drug users have three times the accident rate as non-users.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay examples -- Animal Farm Essays

The English language is one of the most complex languages known to man. Words, sentences, and ideas can be built and misconstrued because of the language’s depth. In the novel Animal Farm, the head pigs in charge, Napoleon, twists words in order to gain control and power over the entire farm. The Manor Farm transforms from the totalitarian rule of Mr. Jones, a mean farmer who feeds his animals meager portions, to Napoleon, a pig that will have you liquidated for a bottle of liquor. Language is used as a means of social control because of its irony, it changes, and it’s illegible by some. Irony is the first reason that language may be used as a form of social control. Many words have double meanings, for example: break, spread, dress, match, etc. For this reason, various meanings and definitions can be derived and used as a person pleases. In Animal Farm, when all the animals were first rebelling, Snowball said, â€Å"The only good human being is a dead one." Human being can be interchanged with numerous words, which is what Napoleon did in order to control the animals with an iron fist. ...

Theme of Guilt in Hamlet & Fifth Business

There is one human emotion that can paralyse us, lead us to lie both to ourselves and others, to commit actions that we don’t endure, and to cripple any rational thought processes. It is self perpetuating if allowed to get out of control. Its side effects are anger, aggressiveness, fear or reclusiveness. Its symptoms are irrational behaviour, lying, anguish, and lack of self-esteem. It is the strong emotion that can affect our conscience, like an acid drop it corrodes the soul within and in extreme conditions it demolishes one’s life, it is better known as guilt. Guilt is a reoccurring theme in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, that is demonstrated by various characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet and Claudius and this essay shall compare the theme of guilt between the two literatures. In the novel Fifth Business, guilt is a plague that has spread throughout the lives of Dunstan Ramsay, and Paul Dempster; both characters are drenched with guilt that was a result of a tragic incident caused by Percy Staunton Boyd when he threw the snowball and it â€Å"hit Mrs. Dempster on the back of the head. † (Davies, 2). Dunstan experiences guilt early on in his childhood, realizing it is him who ultimately caused the premature labour of Paul, â€Å"Nevertheless this conversation reheated my strong sense of guilt and responsibility about Paul. † (Davies, 136). As the guilt overtakes his life, Dunny compares what he is feeling to what dying feels like and questions whether that would be better than dealing with this overwhelming guilt: â€Å"Ah, if dying were all there was to it! Hell and torment at once, but at least you know where you stand. It is living with these guilty secrets that exacts the price† (Davies, 19). Born prematurely, Paul Dempster was convicted of being guilty as he was responsible for robbing his mother of her sanity, as explained to him by his father, Amasa Dempster, â€Å"My father always told me it was my birth that robbed her of her sanity. So as a child I had to carry the weight of my mother’s madness as something that was my own doing. † (Davies, 148). Moreover Paul was forced to feel the guilt at a young age, causing him to become frustrated, and that is when he decides to escape from Deptford and runs away with Le grand Cirque forain des St. Vite (Davies, 148), â€Å"‘He was my only teacher till I ran away with a circus. † (Davies, 265). Equivalently in the play Hamlet, the theme of guilt was developed through Hamlet and his most hateful enemy, King Claudius. Hamlet experiences guilt when he recognizes that he has not yet avenged his father’s death and in Act I Scene ii Hamlet reveals that he is upset and disappointed with himself, as he has not taken any actions to attain revenge from Claudius, the murderer of his father. Hamlet then calls himself, â€Å"a peasant slave† and questions, â€Å"What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, That he should weep for her? What would he do, Had he motive and cue for passion That I have? † (Shakespeare, II, ii, 529. 38-541). Furthermore, Hamlet later decides to relief his overwhelming guilt by commanding the actors to re-enact his father’s death through The Murder of Gonzago, (Shakespeare, III, ii, 284), in order to confirm that the ghost was being truthful and Claudius did kill his father, â€Å"May be the devil, and the devil hath power T' assume a pleasing shape. Yea, and perhaps Out of my weakness and my melancholy, As he is very potent with such spirits, Abuses me to da mn me. I’ll have grounds More relative than this. The play’s the thing Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king. † (Shakespeare, II, ii, 561- 567). Eagerly wanting the throne Claudius murdered his brother, King Hamlet by poisoning him when he was sleeping in the garden, â€Å"He poisons him i’ th’ garden for‘s estate. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 246); his crime was soon revealed by the intelligent Hamlet, when he ordered the actors to create a play outlining the murder of King Hamlet, â€Å"Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you, trippingly on the tongue. †(Shakespeare, III, ii, 190-191). Claudius provoked and disturbed from the play, orders for it to be stopped, â€Å"Give o’er the play. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 253) and leaves the scene, â€Å"The king rises. (Shakespeare, III, ii, 250) as his dirty crime is now evident. Devoured with the guilt of killing his brother, Claudius confesses and prays to God, hoping that it will cost him less time in Purgatory, â€Å"Oh, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon ’t, A brotherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s murder. Pray can I not. Though inclination be as sharp as will, My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, And, like a man to double business bound, I stand in pause where I shall first begin, And both neglect. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 37-44). Silent yet deadly, its side effects are anger, aggressiveness or fear and reclusiveness. Its symptoms are irrational behaviour, lying, anguish, and lack of self-esteem. It is the strong emotion that can affect our conscience, like an acid drop it corrodes the soul within and in extreme conditions it demolishes one’s life, it is better known as guilt. The theme of guilt is an important reoccurring phenomenon in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, as demonstrated by a number of characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet, and Claudius, and this essay compared the theme of guilt between the two literatures.

Niccolo Machiavelli and his influences on modern day leaders Essay

Niccolo Machiavelli was a creator of political theories in the 1500’s. He served the Republic as a diplomatic negotiator and as a military supervisor. When Florence went back to a monarch system, the Medici family return to power and exiled Machiavelli for his past criticisms that he made towards the family. Machiavelli then wrote â€Å"The Prince† to complement the Medici family and as a way to regain their approval. A good leader is a person who after leaving his/her country leaves his/her people content, the economy stable and is able to maintain their integrity. Machiavelli’s views of war being the most import aspect that a leader must think of, it is okay for a leader to be untruthful and it is better to be feared over loved would not be successful in the 20th century. Machiavelli’s ideology of a good leader would not work in today’s standards since his ideas our too extreme for our times. If a leader only pays attention to war, he only supplies safety for his people and neglects the other aspects that are crucial for governing. Focusing on the idea of war, can cause tension that may provoke a war. This feeling that results affects countries immensely as it tends to leave countries in a state of devastation. Adolf Hitler is an example of a leader who caused a war. By putting Germany at war and losing the battle against the Allies, Hitler set his country back many years, causing them to rebuild their society and economy. To further show that war is not the most important factor of governing, is during George Bush Senior’s term as a president of the United States. Two major events occurred that affected the American people tremendously. First, the Gulf war; Bush was able to resolve this situation in a short period of time and the American people commended him for it. The second event was the American recession of the 1990s. This fall came late in Bush’s term as president. When Bush was up for re-election, he lost to Clinton. Although he had won the war, Bush was not re-elected because he had allowed the economy to fall. With these examples, it is evident that war is not the most vital aspect to governing. A good leader must use all means to resolving a dispute, before relying upon war. One Machiavelli idea that a leader should follow is, there are two methods to fighting, one by law and the other by force. A leader’s integrity shows to the people that their leader is not afraid to tell the truth. To have integrity means that one no matter what, one stays true to their word under any circumstances. Machiavelli’s thought of a leader being untruthful would not work today because if a leader was found lying, it would be printed on the presses the next day. With the media following so close to every word a politician says, it would be demeaning for a leader to have his people find out that he is a hypocrite. So Machiavelli’s idea of being strong, unchangeable and positive would be some ideal qualities of a good leader. Maintaining a strong and positive image of oneself is what enables one to be a good leader. To be feared over loved may have worked in the past but not in the present. In a democracy being loved is what enables one to maintain their status as a leader. If a leader is more feared then loved, it creates a greater desire from the people to defy or overthrow the government. A leader that was loved by a majority of his people was Bill Clinton. He was loved because he was able to maintain a stable economy, keep peace and gave many benefits to his people. By doing so he served another term as president. Clinton did not have to strike fear into his people in order for him remain in power. Machiavelli’s theology of being feared over loved may be true, but it is inhumane and immoral for a leader to use death as way to instil fear into his people in order to stop the people from being rebellious. If a country’s people revolt against their leader, it is a sign for the leader that his people no longer believe in his governing of their country. If one has the qualities of a good leader and leads his people well then one does not have to resort to fear as a way of governing. When Machiavelli wrote â€Å"The Prince† the political theories and qualities on which he insisted worked during his time. For relevance to the 20th century, it does not apply as many of his views are outdated. During the 1900s, we now focus more on economy and not on war. We only use war as a means of settling disputes, not to gain land or money like they did in the past. The use of lies as a way to control ones people is unfamiliar to our times. To use fear as a way of governing and to use the tactics that Machiavelli suggested to inflict fear would not function, as his suggestions infringe on  human rights, which are now so closely monitored. The majority of Machiavelli’s theories of the perfect prince would not be successful for a leader of today, for his ideas are too radical.

poe works essays

poe works essays The short story Sonnys Blues, by James Baldwin, tells the story of two brothers who come to understand each other. More specifically, it shows, through its two main characters, Sonny and his older brother, the two sides of African-Americans experience with much of racism. The narrator, Sonnys brother, has tried to assimilate to the white society, but still feel the pain and the limits on his opportunity. On the other hand, Sonny has never tried to assimilate and has to find the way out for his pain through drugs. Analyzing the plot of Sonnys Blues, we can understand what happened, why it happened, and why characters acted the way they do. The exposition of the Sonnys Blues starts when the narrator introduces characters, scene, and situation of the story. The narrator learns from a newspaper that his younger brother, Sonny, has been arrested for peddling and using heroin. (Baldwin 83) The narrator is a high school teacher, and his wife is Isabel. Leaving the school, the narrator comes across an old friend of Sonnys in the schoolyard. They talk about Sonnys arrest and tell each other some their fears. The friend says that he cant much help old Sonny no more. This angers the narrator because it reminds him that he himself had give up trying to help his brother and not even seen Sonny in a year. However, he keeps in touch with Sonny again after his daughter dies. It is also the moment the narrator begins to wonder about Sonny again. The scene ends the exposition, and opens the storys rising action part. The story continues as the narrator meets Sonny after Sonny get out of prison. As Sonnys request, they take a long cab ride and recall their memories that they had experienced in vivid, killing streets in their childhood. Next, we hear the conversation between the n ...

canadas role in ww2 essays

canadas role in ww2 essays The war that began in 1939 greatly changed Canada and the entire world. The Second World War involved more countries and caused my casualties than any other war in ever in history. This essay will explore the causes of the war, Canadas contributions to the war effort, the factors that contributed to the holocaust, and how Canada changed because of WW2. Germany was the main defeated nation of the First World War. Because of this loss the Treaty of Versailles was imposed. This treaty put heavy burdens on Germany; it lost all of its colonies and had to repay a huge sum of money to the Allies. This was nearly impossible Germany had lost the war the economy was in a state of depression from fighting the war. Although they had just adopted democracy, this could do little during this state of depression. Hitler was brought into power because the people of Germany felt desperate to get out of their rut. Believe it or not The League of Nations also contributed to the war. The point of the League of Nations was to prevent any future wars from occurring. The great flaw in this plan was that the League had no way of enforcing its decisions. Without any military might to back it up all that the League could do was ask politely for change. This does not always work. Hitler was the leader of the German Nationalist Socialist Party (Morton, 1988) AKA the Nazi party. Hitler promised to gain more living space for the German people. He claimed the German people deserved more because they were the superior race. This preached fascism soon made Hitler the leader of Germany. Hitler immediately began making radical changes he eliminated all other parties securing his position as dictator. He immediately begins building up arms, and military (violating the Treaty of Versailles). (spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERnazigermany.htm) Hitler thought that the German people were superior ...