Describe the functions of managers Essay

Good management and leadership are critical for organisations to function and also for the organisations to thrive. When organisations are well managed just like Barclay, they can operate effectively and they can operate efficiently. Managers have very good and clear plans, mangers have organised structures, systems, and they also evaluate results. When organisations are well led, they adapt to changes in the environment and develop cultures that inspire commitment and innovation. Both good management and good leadership are necessary to sustain organisational performance. Mangers are responsible for getting work done usually through other people; the term manger may also refer to a number of different people within a business. Some job titles include the word manager, such as a personal manger or managing director. Other jobholders may also be mangers even through there titles do not say it. * Mangers act on behalf of the owners – in a company, senior management are accountable shareholders * Mangers set objectives for the organisation, for example, they may decide that a long-term objective is to have a greater market share than all of the company’s competitors. * Managers make sure that a business achieves its objectives, by managing others. * Managers ensure that cooperate values which means the value of the organisation are maintained in dealings with other business, customers, employees and general public. When an organisation is managed well mangers effectively perform four essential management functions Henry Fayol the French management theorist listed a number of functions or elements of management these are: * Planning * Organising * Commanding * Coordinating * Controlling Planning This involves mangers setting objectives and also the strategies, policies, programmes and procedures for achieving them. Planning might be done by line mangers who will be responsible for performance. However advice on planning may also come from staff management who might have expertise in that are even if they have no line authority. For example, a production may carry out human recourse planning in the production department, but use the skills of the personal manager in planning recruitment for vacancies that may arise. In general, planning involves defining organisational goals and proposing ways to reach them. Managers plan for 3 reasons: * To establish an overall direction for the organisations future, such as a target say for example to increase profit, expand market share,, etc, etc. * To identify and commit the organisations resources to achieving its goals. * To decide which tasks must be done to reach those goals. * Barclays mangers set up objectives * Barclays bank makes up smart plans to achieve set objectives. * Manpower planning * Production budgets * Cash budgets * Sales targets Organising Mangers set task, which need to be performed if the business is to achieve its objectives. Jobs need to be organised within sections or departments and authority and authority needs to be delegated so that jobs are carried out. For example: the goal of a manufacturing company may be to produce quality goods that will be delivered to customer on time. The tasks such as manufacturing, packaging, administration, etc. that are part of producing and distributing the goods, need to be organised to achieve this goal. For example in Barclays within Barclay’s managers, supervisors must lead the employees with the delegated job. After mangers have prepared plans, they must translate those relatively abstract ideas into practice reality. Organising is the processes of creating a structure of relationships that will enable employees to carry out management’s plans and meet organisational goals. By organising effectively. Mangers can better coordinate human, material, and information resources. An organisations success depends largely on management’s ability to utilise those resources effectively and efficiently. * Organise working procedures * Organisational structure, chain of command needs to be established. * Organising which member of staff in Barclays does what. * Distribution channels. * Quality systems Commanding This involves giving instructions to subordinates to carry out tasks. The manger has the authority to make decisions and responsibilities to see tasks carried out. For example in Barclays plc the management team must put plans into action by allocating the best use of resources to achieve the plan. To make sure the plans are achieved mangers use their delegation skills. Coordinating This is the bringing together of the activities of people with the business. Individuals and groups will have there own goals, which may be different to those of the business and each other. Management must make sure that there is a common approach, so that the company’s goals are achieved. * Mangers coordinate the work force * Mangers in Barclays bank direct employees what they are doing. * Delegating tasks * Mangers resolve conflicts of interests in the different functional areas of the business. * This helps mangers to motivate their staff. Controlling Mangers measure and correct the activities of individuals and groups to make sure that their performance fits in with plans. Control is the monitoring of evens and progress within each department. For example within Barclays the organisation a range of departments for example the finance department they will monitor there budget and performance. The process by which person group or organisation consciously monitors performance and takes corrective action this is called controlling, another example would be that Barclays finance department will be controlling and monitoring customers transactions, etc, etc and they will keep a history and they will keep a record file of that customer. Management control system sends signal to managers that things are not working out as planned and that corrective action is needed. * Barclays bank monitor and measure what is being archived in each of their department. * Barclays control, monitor there sales performance. * Barclays control and monitor their cash flow against their budget. Leading After management has made plans, created a structure of work practice, and hired the right personal, someone must lead the organisation, leading involves communicating with and motivating others to perform the tasks necessary to achieve the organisations goals. Leading is not done only after planning and organising end, it is a crucial element of these functions.

Abolish the Penny essay

Abolishing the Penny: The biggest questions now days are,† Should the penny really be abolished and why is the penny still in route like its ten or five cents? † It's been our smallest-denomination coin for 150 years. But if people are leaving pennies at the cash register, is it time to get rid of them? In this essay I am going to argue why we should keep the penny and why people think the penny should stay in route with the rest of the coins. Also why or why not we should keep the penny and if we didn’t where would the penny go?What made me want to argue my opinion versus the Harvard professor of Economics Gregory Mankiw who believes that the penny should be abolished is because the penny helps a lot of people survive the long way. I felt like this was a much needed topic to talk about because some people who have money no matter if they are in the lower class through higher class living situations are acting like pennies don’t or won’t affect them i f it was to disappear. I still use pennies and collect them until I feel like it’s a lot of money to go cash them in; it’s a good way to save money too.Whether we use the penny on the regular like we use quarters, nickels, and dimes shouldn’t matter because it’s still being circulated in cash flow. . Most cash transactions involve the exchange of pennies, and this increases the time it takes to complete them. Also some people are saying that the penny should be abolished because it’s just taking up space in the currency flow. I don’t believe that the penny is taking up space because it works as if it was a quarter, nickel, or dime in some places. For example when you don’t have the needed change, you would turn to the penny. Some people say minting pennies is a waste of money. They say the penny has out lived its usefulness so we should retire it, but I believe the penny has more life in it still because people is the US still use it unlike Canada and few other states or countries. Gregory Mankiw points out, â€Å"When people start leaving a monetary unit at the cash register for the next customer, the unit is too small to be useful. † But some people just leave the pennies there because they don’t feel like waiting for the cashiers to count it out. Statistics show that the U. S. Mint produces about 7 billion pennies a year at a cost of $100 million dollars.Pennies are made of copper and zinc, two metals that have recently soared in price. Because of the high value of those metals, a penny is worth more melted down than as U. S. currency. â€Å"A simple way to retire the penny would be to round each cash transaction to the nearest nickel†, but why would you want to round to the nearest nickel, that’s spending more money though. I don’t believe that we should abolish the penny because it’s been around for so long, if we were to abolish the penny what would we use to break five, ten , or odd numbers of cents. It’s also illegal to melt pennies. Abolishing the penny would not save the government money.Without the penny, the U. S. Mint would produce more nickels. Due to soaring metal prices, the nickel costs almost 10 cents to produce. Spending more money to produce more nickels is no way to save money. In conclusion to my argument as well as my opinion versus the Harvard professor of Economics Gregory Mankiw who believes that the penny should be abolished, has been clearly stated that the penny should not be abolished for plenty of reasons and the penny should stay in circulation with the rest of the currency. My opinion still stands strong as to why we should keep the penny and what would happen if the penny was to disappear.

Organizations and Terms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizations and Terms - Essay Example In this case, I shall examine the group known as the Al Shabaab militia. Al-Shabaab`s headquarters is situated in the coastal city of Kismayo, Somalia with several bases of operations in southern Somalia, Kenya, and Uganda. Al-Shabaab got designated a terrorist organization by the Federal Bureau of Investigations after the bombing of the World Trade Center by Al-Qaeda (Kelley 36). The name Al-Shabaab means ’’youth’’ in Arabic. Al-Shabaab. Other names used to refer to it include, Ash-Shabaab or Hizbul Shabaab, which means a party of the youth. It belongs to a much larger group known as HSM that stands for â€Å"Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujahidden.† Al-Shabaab originated from a faction that broke off from the Islamic Courts Union, following its defeat in 2006 by the joint forces of the Somali transitional government and their Ethiopian allies. The federal bureau of investigations had listed Somalia as failed state for almost twenty years due to the lack of peace due to the civil war. In 2001, the Federal Bureau of Investigations officially recognized Al-Shabaab as a terrorist organization they attacked the United State`s embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Prior to these attacks, their fellow brothers in arms the Al -Qaeda had bombed the World Trade Center in September 2001. This was in retaliation for the United States had invaded the Middle East to quell the Taliban insurgency. Since Al-Shabaab is closest to both countries, carrying out these simultaneous attacks was rather easy. The Federal Bureau of Investigations states that for an organization to be classified as a terrorist organization, it must have crossed a few thresholds. Such as having weapons of mass destruction, have a few thousand followers, and it has to be well connected. Al-Shabaab also has ties with most of the other terrorist organizations all over the world. For

Securing the Land Borders and the Coastal Waterways from International Research Paper

Securing the Land Borders and the Coastal Waterways from International Terrorism - Research Paper Example What is clear is that international terrorism is on the rise as many extremists continue to propagate their course. This may be economic, religious, political or even social (Schmid, 2008). The main strategy that will aid in reducing chances of terrorism is by securing the land and all water borders. This paper will look at the benefits that accrue from securing land borders and coastal waterways against international terrorism (Young, 2006). The act of terrorism is carefully articulated by a group of individuals who have targets, goals and objectives. This means that they will go to exceptional heights and extremes to accomplish their motives (Schmid, 2008). The land, water and sky, which represent the open space, are factors that work in favor of terrorist activities, if they are not tightly secured. It is crucial for each country to ensure that they have secured their land borders and their coastal waterways. Many countries have been caught in security breaches that have cost the country lives, destruction of property and the general attempt on the country’s sovereignty (Schmid, 2008). Land borders are secured by screening every person that uses the border as a means to travel from one area to the next. This is accompanied by any supporting document approved by law to represent eligibility of entrance (Young, 2006). Each and every person entering any said country by sea must be screened at the water way or harbor for purposes of screening and confirming their presence in the country, legally. The security of the sea and its ports is represented by the travel initiative that has been adopted in the country in question. In the US, any person entering the country using the sea must have certification that complies with the (WHTI). This is the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative which is a representation of many other documents and certificates of travel (Schmid, 2008). It ensures that the person trying to enter the country using

Peer's comment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer's comment - Assignment Example Besides, he could have cited the Cliff palace as an ancient architectural structure. It was created by the ancient Pueblo people who inhabited the Taos Pueblo continuously for over 1000 years from CE 700 - 1250 in the current Colorado state, and related structures in Mesa Verde National Park from the 12th through to the 16th century. I also agree with him that the colonial architecture construction unlike the Native Indians was dependent on resources like brick and wood and had common elements of English buildings of New England such as the Wren Building of the College of William (1695-1702). It is true that the Native American architectural structures differed greatly from those of the early Colonial Americans’. For instance, according to Hayley, the long house and the colonial residential house were distinctly different as shown in the figures below. However, Hayley fails to not that the tepees were built by and the poles were actually covered with buffalo’s skins. On the other hand, I also agree with Hayley’s answer that when the Europeans settlers arrived in America, they brought with them their own construction techniques and architectural traditions. The settlers’ buildings were made of timber frames that were filled inside with wickerwork covered with clay. The outside walls were covered with wooden boards for weather protection. The roof top was steep and covered with grass that was dried (Corner, 134). However, both of them cite the wigwam and tepees as examples of Native American structures and provide images of the structures. Besides, they all argue that the colonialists’ architectural designs were dependent on resources like brick and

Research on Sharia law Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Sharia law - Research Paper Example , the origins of Sharia laws derive from a combination of laws, like Roman laws, contents of the Holy Koran (qiyas), teachings of Prophet Mohammed and present day assimilations of ancient legal interpretations and treatises (ijmas). However, an interesting aspect of Shari has been that in their countries of acceptance and faith, different interpretations exist for these laws. Modernists, traditionalists and fundamentalists all hold different views of Sharia, as do adherents to different schools of Islamic thought and scholarship. Different countries and cultures have varying interpretations of Sharia as well. Thus, Sharia practices in African countries may be quite different from those in Arab countries. On the other hand, Muslim population in India may have different cultural and sociological interpretation of Sharia than what is being done in Indonesia, or Yemen, for that matter. Thus, what is important is the sociological background of these laws in the context of respective countries where these laws are followed. Moreover, it is also seen that Islam has two sub sects – Sunnis and Shias. It is now necessary to consider the differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims, which essentially finds the difference in religion but politics. This is primarily because it concerns leadership matters subsequent to the prophet’s era and what led to division of Muslim sect soon after the death Mohammed. When the question arose as to who would inherit the mantle of the Prophet, of one sect believed that leadership should be taken over by one of his worthy followers. But Shias believed th at leadership should move to the member of his own kith or kin, like his son- in- law, or nephew. Thus, major differences arose between Sunnis and Shias, such that the latter were not able to ever reconcile themselves to the fact that Ali’s descendants were not provided due leadership in the Muslim order after the lifetime of Prophet. Thus, they refused to accept the authority of Sunni

The American Abolitionist Movement and contacts with the Caribbean Annotated Bibliography

The American Abolitionist Movement and contacts with the Caribbean - Annotated Bibliography Example The female slaves are used as sex slaves by their masters and sons (and in instances where pregnancy arose, for example, the slave would be murdered, exiled or coerced into potentially lethal abortions) while black males in some households were castrated. Children born to slaves would automatically become the masters’ slaves. However, as these and other cruelties unfold, the times also witness a steady proliferation of strong Christians such as the Quakers with strong values of morality and equality for all men. At the same time, there is increasing self-awareness and acceptance amongst slaves that causes them to be desirous of fleeing from their masters’ chains. Education also plays an important role in transforming people’s values and thinking (Menard, 602). These Christian and human rights groups begin to speak out against slavery as a global onslaught on this injustice escalates to apocalyptic measures. Religion (Christianity) and morality was the stimulating factor (motivation) in the fight and abolition of slavery in the United States. The abolitionist movement in the United States is the founding step for the country in its journey towards what it embodies now – the land of the free where all men (citizens) are equal regardless of race, color, religion or national origin and c an all dream in the same measure (like Martin Luther’s dream of a black president, for instance). Abolitionism is the doctrine that slavery must be ended. Spain was among the first nations to abolish slavery in 1541 and the Somerset case in England that led to the emancipation of a slave initiated the movement to see that slavery in England was abolished. In 1789, France abolished slavery but slavery was later restored by Napoleon. Slavery in the United States began in Virginia’s Jamestown in North America. The first ship from America (called Desire) set out from Massachusetts in what started the slave trade from Africa to Britain’s American colonies. The

Conceptual Approaches to Learning Research Paper - 1

Conceptual Approaches to Learning - Research Paper Example This research paper mentiones that there are many approaches that teachers and other experts take when approaching learning, and three approaches is discussed in this paper: the cognitive approach, behavioral approach and neuroscience approach to learning. The cognitive approach to learning suggests that learners rely on their five senses to learn. This means that it is important for them to listen, touch, read or experience what they area learning. The cognitive process will provide the structure that steps in other types of tasks would provide In contrast to the cognitive approach, the behavioral approach sees learning as the process of changing behavior. The behaviorists looked at how the environment would influence learning and how this process affected the individual. The neuroscience approach to learning is most closely compared to the cognitive approach to learning because it involves the mind, the nervous system, perception, memory and consciousness. The neuroscience of learn ing also depends on changes that the neurons in the brain make in order to trigger learning and memory. On a cognitive level, the individual is engaging in implicit learning, which is the type of learning an individual does without even thinking about it. This means that cognitive learning and neuroscience work together to bring into an individual's consciousness the understanding of what they are learning. The researcher then compares the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and concluds his opinions on the topic.

Canadas Boreal Forest and Gloeophyllum Sepiarium Essay

Canadas Boreal Forest and Gloeophyllum Sepiarium - Essay Example sepiarium wood rots. This organic matter is then returned to the soil it is an important contributors to the break down of wood in the forest and the recycling of nutrients as well as soil improvement. G. sepiarium and other fungi do not produce carbon as they do not have the ability of photosynthesis so they obtain their energy from breaking down organism that have carbon based molecules which are then absorbed as nutrients into to fungal cells (Farrar, 1985). Whilst this fungus is highly toxic if ingested it has been used in research against cancer has showed positively to date to have potential medicinal purposes for the fight against the disease (Sasata, 2008). The G. sepiarium is asexual an reproduces through vegetative spores in late summer and early autumn however fruiting bodies are seen all year round. .The spores are released by a strong ejection from the reproductive structure ensuring a wide dispersal range. BIBLIOGRAPHY Farrar JF (1985). "Carbohydrate metabolism in biotrophic plant pathogens". Microbial Sci. 2: 314-317 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez (accessed on 27th November 2008) Sasata, 2008 Healing-Mushrooms.net, http://healing-mushrooms.net/archives/gloeophyllum-sepiarium.html (accessed on 27th

Annual reporting documents in two countries Essay

Annual reporting documents in two countries - Essay Example Both companies are in the same industry called Super-market distribution. The companies are almost of same size but represent contrasting regulatory and cultural conditions. Categories of reporting and providing information in the annual reports of companies in each of the countries are both conventional as well those making compliances of legal and regulatory requirements. Annual report of Tesco plc, a UK company, provides information under the categories of Chief Executive’s Statement, Report of the directors that contains business review, general information, and report on corporate governance, Directors’ Remuneration Report, and Financial Statements that include a statement of directors’ responsibility, independent auditor’s report, group financial statements including notes thereto, parent company’s financial statements and independent auditor’s report on that. Annual Report is required to be filed along with accounts with Registrar of companies, and also published, circulated, and made available on websites of the company in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2006. On the other hand the information in the annual report of Wal- Mart Stores Inc., a US company, is provided under the categories of Statement of Chief Executive or President of the company, Report of Chairman of board of directors that includes financial review and summary, management discussion and analysis (MDA) of financial conditions and results of operations, Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto that include report of independent registered public accounting firm, report of independent registered public accounting firm on Internal Control over financial reporting, and Management Report to shareholders. ‘As the name implies a company’s annual report summarizes activities during the past year. While certain information is required by the U.S.

Health Promotion Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Study Guide Essay Illness is an event that manifests itself through observable/felt changes in the body. Illness is the state in which the physical, emotional, social, intellectual or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience. It is NOT synonymous with disease and may or may not be related to disease. Illness is highly subjective. Wellness is the state of being healthy in both body and mind as the result of deliberate effort. Wellness is the state of well-being. It is an approach to healthcare that emphasizes preventing illness and prolonging life as opposed to emphasizing treating diseases. Anspaugh et al propose 7 components of wellness: 1) Physical 2) Social 3) Emotional 4) Intellectual 5) Spiritual 6) Occupational and 7) Environmental. Well-being/Wellness is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well which can be described objectively, experienced, and measured and can be plotted on a continuum. Dunn’s concept of high level wellness theorizes that wellness is the degree of illness/health modified by the environment. It says that it is an integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing the potential of which the person is capable. It requires that the individual maintain a continuum of balance and purposeful direction within the environment where he is functioning. The patient’s perception of health, wellness and illness must be considered by the nurse in order to provide individualized, quality care. Lifestyle factors that influence health: (PP Health Promotion and Disease Prevention) Internal and external factors influence health status. Internal factors include Age, Genetics, Physiologic, Lifestyle, Health habits (smoking, drugs, alcohol, eating habits, exercise and stress). External factors include: Environment (radiation, air pollution, H20 and sun exposure), Safety (seatbelts, riding on motorcycle), and Standard of living (less educated the poorer the health). How to take a patient’s temperature using different routes: (Lab Kozier PP. 532-537) There are a number of body sites for measuring body temperature. The most common are oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic and temporal artery. Normal adult temperature is 37 degree C and 98. 6 degree F. In older adults ( gt; 70), temp is usually 36 degrees C or 96. 8 degrees F. Newborns- 1 yr old are usually 98. 2 degree F and 36. 8 degree C. Oral: Most common route. Place thermometer underneath the tongue on either side of the frenulum. Do NOT take in someone with mouth lesions or if patient has had oral surgery. Be sure to ask if patient has had anything cold/hot to drink in last 30 minutes. Rectal: Most accurate route. Place Pt. in lateral or Sim’s position. Apply gloves and instruct patient to take a slow deep breath during insertion. Insert 1. 5 inches in adults. Do NOT take in Pt that has had rectal surgery, has lower GI problems, is immuno-suppressed, has a clotting disorder or Pt that has hemorrhoids. In some agencies taking rectal temps is contraindicated in patients who have had an MI. It is believed that this can stimulate the Vagus nerve which can cause myocardial damage. Tympanic: Temps measured in this site are usually 1. 1-1. 5 degrees higher than oral. These are non invasive and quick. To measure temp, pull pinna slightly upward and back( adults) and point the probe slightly anteriorly, toward eardrum. Insert the probe slowly using a circular motion until snug. Axillary: The least accurate route but safest route. Dry arm pit if moist. Place thermometer bulb in center of axilla. In order to obtain a more accurate reading it must be left in place for a long time. Temporal Artery: Safe, noninvasive and very fast. Equipment slightly more expensive, as it is a scanning infrared thermometer. The probe is placed in the middle of the forehead then drawn laterally to the hairline. If Pt has perspiration on forehead the probe is also touched behind earlobe. Levels of preventive health care: Three levels of preventative care are: Primary focuses on health promotion and protection against specific health problems or health risks. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally healthy individuals or groups. Examples include: Immunizations; risk assessments for specific disease i. e. iabetes; health education about injury and poisoning prevention. Secondary- focuses on early identification of health problems and prompt intervention to alleviate health problems. Goal is to identify people in early stages of disease process and to limit future disability. It is curative in nature. It emphasizes health maintenance for people with health problems (i. e. someone with diabetes who has it under control). This level includes prevention of complications and disabilities. Examples include: Encouraging regular medical/ dental checkups; Teaching self exam of breast; screening surveys hypertension). Tertiary- focuses on restoration and rehabilitation with the goal of returning the person to optimal level of functioning, within the constraints of the disability. This level of prevention occurs after an illness, when a defect is stabilized or fixed and determined to be irreversible. Examples include: caring for someone with a chronic disease; referring patient with colostomy to support group; teaching patient with diabetes to identify and prevent complications ( heart disease); referring patient with spinal cord injury to a rehab to receive training to maximize his remaining abilities. Understand who the older adult is and physiological/psychological changes: Successful psychological aging is reflected in the older person’s ability to adapt to physical, social, and emotional losses and to achieve contentment, serenity, and life considerations. The older adult continues to learn and problems solve and intelligence and personality remain as they have always been. A person’s social ability does not change during the course of their life: if you were a young extrovert/introvert you will be an old extrovert/introvert. Wisdom increases as we age. As a person becomes older they go through physiological and psychosocial changes. Some physical changes are visible and some are not. In general lean body mass decreases, fat tissue increases, and bone mass decreases. Intracellular fluid decreases which can cause dehydration. Skin becomes drier and less elastic and they become more susceptible to skin tears. Bony prominences may become visible. There is a loss of overall stature and osteoporosis can occur in people who have insufficient intake of calcium and in women who have been through menopause. There is a steady decrease in muscle fibers. Reaction time slows. There is loss of visual acuity and progressive loss of hearing and reduced elasticity and increased rigidity of arteries and an increase in blood pressure. Orthostatic hypotension is common. GI changes include increase in indigestion and constipation. There is increase in frequency and urgency of urination and incontinence in many older adults. Decreased immune response and lowered resistance to infection is normal. Many older people have decreased thyroid function and increased insulin resistance. Respiratory efficiency is reduced with age. Older adults may experience many health problems including physical injuries and chronic disabling disease, and dementia. Psychologically people have much to adapt to as they become older. Some of these things are 1) Retirement – this is often a difficult time of adjustment for people. Many have a sense of self worth from working and lose a sense of identity when they stop working. Income decreases sometimes by 35% during this time. 2) Economic Change- Decrease in finances related to retirement and lack of pension plans/savings. Health care costs skyrocket because of increase in illnesses. This decrease in monetary resources can cause older people to become less independent. This causes them to lose self esteem and become depressed. 3) Grand-parenting: At this time in life older people become grandparents and are able to provide support to younger family members in a number of ways. 4) Relocating- many people move closer to their children for general support and supervision. This is a very big stressor. Older adults can either live with their children; live in assisted living, live at home with adult day care, live in a long term care facility or in private group homes. ) Maintaining Independence and Self Esteem- This is a big one. Elders thrive on independence and it is important for them to be able to maintain their self esteem. The more they can do for themselves the better. 5) Facing Death and Grieving as people age the chance of their spouse dying increases. Friends and family members die and this is a period of adjustment and grieving. The older person has feeli ngs of loss, emptiness and loneliness during this time. According to Erickson the developmental task at this time is ego vs. despair. People who attain ego integrity view life with a sense of wholeness and derive satisfaction from past accomplishments. This is the time of life where many older people start focusing on their faith and spirituality. Most people start an internal life review and seriously start thinking about their own imminent death. Caregiver Role Strain†¦what is it? What nursing interventions would the nurse provide? (P. 137) Caregiver role strain is when they have physical, emotional, social, and financial burdens that can seriously jeopardize their own health and well-being. Nursing intervention would be to encourage caregivers to express their feelings and at the same time convey understanding about the difficulties associated with caregiving and acknowledge the caregivers competence. Through conversation with the caregiver assess areas where assistance may be desired or need. Identify possible source of help. Like volunteer (family, neighbor, friends, church, caregiver support groups) or agency sources (home health aide, meals on wheels, day care, transportation, and counseling and social services. Remind the caregiver of the importance of caring for themselves. Know about these nursing diagnoses: Coping Ineffective, Fear, Anxiety (PP. 1069-1070) NANDA diagnostic labels related to stress, adaptation, and coping: Anxiety: Vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread accompanied by an automatic response (the source often nonspecific or unknown to the individual); a feeling of apprehension caused by the anticipation of danger. It is an alerting signal that warns of impending danger and enables the individual to take measures to deal with a threat. Fear: response to perceived threat is consciously recognized as a danger. Ineffective Coping: Inability to from a valid appraisal of the stressors, inadequate choices of practiced responses, and/or inability to use resources. Terms associated with assessment of pulse (CHP 29, PP. 538-540) Assessment of pulse: Terms Locations: Temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, pedal (dorsalis pedis) Pulse: wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped into the arteries by the heart and equals Stroke Volume (SV) X Heart Rate (HR) per minute. Compliance: ability of the arteries to expand Peripheral pulse: pulse located away from the heart Apical Pulse: central pulse; apex of the heart (PMI) point of maximal impulse Palpation: feeling Auscultation: hearing DUS: Doppler ultrasound stethoscope Tachycardia: excessively fast heart rate ( over 100 BPM in an adult). Bradychardia: A heart rate less than 60 BPM in an adult. Pulse rhythm: pattern of the beats and the intervals between beats. Dysrhythmia/arrythmia: irregular rhythm. Pulse volume: pulse strength or amplitude, refers to the force of the blood with each beat. Elasticity of the arterial wall: reflects its expansibility or its deformities. Perfusion: blood flow to a particular area of the body Understand different tools for therapeutic communication: (P. 469-470 box 26-2) Broad opening statement General leads Reflecting/paraphrasing Sharing observations Acknowledging feelings Silence Giving information Clarifying Implied verbal communication Summarizing Focusing (from power point #18 in communication) further information can be found on pg. 469 and 470 box 26-2 Different domains of learning: cognitive, affective, psychomotor: (P. 89) Cognitive domain the â€Å"thinking† domain, includes six intellectual abilities and thinking processes beginning with knowing, comprehending, and applying to analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Affective domain the â€Å"feeling† domain is divided into categories that specify the degree of a â€Å"person’s depth of emotional response to tasks†. Psychomotor domain the â€Å"skil l† domain, includes motor skills such as giving an injection. Know normal vital signs for the adult and older adult. Average range for adults: (P. 529) 96. 8-100. 4. Older adults (gt;75) are at risk for hypothermia ( temperatures

Review of related literature and studies Essay Example for Free

Review of related literature and studies Essay This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies that serving as a background and frame of preference upon which conceptual framework was formulated. This material gave much background and information for the present study. Related Literature (12 page single space) p 7-21 2. 1 Slavery 2. 1. 1 Timeline of Significant Events. The slave trade had a long history. The first importation of slaves by the Spanish vessels from Africa to America took place in 1522. The first African Slaves arrived in Virginia, USA in 1619. The English colonies start the lawful establishment of slavery in 1660 which included the United States. The start of the big waves of slave importations into the English colonies from Africa occurred in 1700. The slaves start to outnumber the English Americans in 1720. The Quakers start to fight against the evils of Slavery in 1750. The French and Indian War resulted to the expulsion of the French army from many parts of North America for ten years starting in 1753. The United States war for independence from Great Britain started in 1775 in the war of Lexington and Concord. The United States finally declared that it wanted to be independent from the Great Britain on July 9, 1776 . And, the Continental Congress of the United States formally approved their Articles of Confederation on July 9, 1778. And, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania finally abolished the practice of slavery. Great Britain and the United States formally signed the Treaty of Paris agreeing to stop the independence war between the two countries and to recognize the United States as a new nation. And, the Continental Congress sends the new Constitution to the state for ratification on September 28, 1783. George Washington is proclaimed as the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789. The Bill of Rights that contained the first ten amendments were approved by more than three fourths of the United States territory and becomes part of the United States Constitution. The United States bought Louisiana from France for fifteen million U. S. dollars. And the members of the United States formally made a law banning the importation of slaves into the United States . Further, the White Churches start their religious outreaches to the African American slaves. The United States quelled the revolt orchestrated by Nat Turner in Virginia. Abraham Lincoln was chosen by the people as the sixteenth president of the United States on March 4, 1861. General Robert Lee’s Confederate army formally surrenders and ends the Civil War on April 9, 1861. The thirteenth Amendment was finally approved by the United States Congress. Lastly, the United States Congress approves with finality the fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This amendment gives automatic citizenship to the slaves. This amendment also punishes those states that do not comply in with the Amendment to remove slavery by taking away the rebelling state’s representation in Congress. Also, all free men are given the right to vote under the fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Beloved novel also had a theme entitled slavery. Slavery is described by the novel’s author as commonplace. This means that the people who have slaves are considered normal people. The people during this time period accept that slavery is an institution and its philosophy and mindset affects the lives of many people in the slave –prevalent parts of the United States. Consequently, slavery had its advantages and disadvantages. There are also good owners of slaves as well as abusive owners of slaves. Beloved speaks of Garners. They are the owners of the slaves like Sethe. They were very kind to the African American slaves. In return, the slaves like Sethe and Paul D. , another slave, respected the Garners. This happy cooperation between the Garners and the slaves came to an abrupt end when the Garners died. This novel describes the years before the Civil War and the years after it. Morrison’s lyrical narrative coherently weaves together the supernatural and the tangible giving a literary masterpiece that pours out a dazzling achievement resulting to a spellbinding reading activity . They were replaced by the cruel leadership of the Garner replacement. The replacement was a man known only as school teacher. Paul D later stated that their happy home would only last as long as the Garners were alive. This was definitely true. Paul D. further reiterated that their happy home under the Garners would be shattered upon his death. The novel also dictates that the Garners are for against the practice of slavery. However, the novel identifies the slaves as just simple playthings or workers who were manipulated by the Garners to feed their fantasies and wants with the slaves as instruments. In a simple to read manner, Beloved author Morrison wants to paint a picture in the minds of the Beloved readers how big the problem of slavery is. Morrison also indirectly gives clues as to how widespread and evil the slave trade was during those fateful time periods. The author, Morrison, also emphasizes that there are some ways to eradicate slavery. In the Bodwin home, there is a statue of an African American child. The statue has on it an inscription that reads â€Å"At Yo Service†.

The Transcendental Movement: History and Concepts

The Transcendental Movement: History and Concepts The Transcendental Movement centered on thriving to discover the age-old philosophical question: What exactly is the true meaning of life? In order to find an answer, Transcendentalists focused on five main beliefs. They were individualism, nature, anti-materialism, intuition, and the quest to find the truth of existence (Gura). Notably, the Movement lured in famous names such as authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and women right’s activist Margret Fuller. Due to the rather extreme liberal views and the controversy that arose from their particular ideology, Transcendentalism barely made a splash in the 1830 society (Blanch). However, as history has played out, the principles of the philosophical movement have clearly had an impact in American revolutions. As much as the movement is often incorrectly labeled as being against Christian belief systems, Transcendentalism roots reach back to Christianity through the already liberal Unitarian denomination. In approximately 1835, young men training to become Unitarian ministers rebelled against their spiritual elders. They found the belief in Christ’s miracles to be outlandish, claiming that his moral teachings were more than enough to make him a prophet (Gura). The men also rejected the blanket theory that human knowledge directly comes from senses; rather, they argued that spiritual principles that come from within one’s self consequently lead to a better comprehension of the world. Due to these first principles, the main ideas of Transcendentalism’s â€Å"intuition† and â€Å"conscience† were quickly embraced. Founders claimed that through these ideas, one can move beyond- or â€Å"transcend†- past the dull experiences of the lower domain, and on to spiritual bliss. This euphoric state was only made possible through, as named by Ralph Emerson, the Oversoul, which is virtually defined as being a universal force in which every soul partakes. Through this Oversoul, one exceeds individual consciousness (Goodman). At the core, Transcendentalists thoroughly believed in equality, for there was no distinct line between the saved and the damned. It was truly up to the individual whether or not to take advantage of the Oversoul that takes them into the spiritual world. Because of the main theme of equality, the philosophy seemed perfectly fitted for a nation that claimed to be founded upon equivalence (Gura). However, as history has proven, the United States has, by no means, been the perfect picture of social fairness. Obviously, the transcendental theory conflicted with the antebellum efforts of social reform. The new philosophy deemed that if all, regardless of race and gender, were created equal, then they should be treated as such. From the start, the movement’s ideals have played a strong role in American social progression. Phillip F. Gura states, â€Å"For some, such reform activities were the natural outgrowth of Transcendentalist thought, and they made social reform virtually the entire focus of their Transcendentalism.† Transcendentalism deeply influenced the women right’s development (Reuben). This philosophy was one of the first to make the fight for gender equality seem somewhat acceptable. It had a strong impact on activist Margret Fuller, who is one of the most famous feminists in recorded history. She first broke down the occupational inequality barriers when she became the editor at the Transcendental Club newspaper titled, The Dial. Later on, she wrote Women of the Ninetieth Century, which, due to its political radicalness, became the most known feminist book of its era, and drew mass attention to the cause (â€Å"Margret Fuller†). Two decades before the civil war, this movement was already battling the fight against slavery. These philosophers wrote letters, articles, and provided lectures in hopes of achieving the abolition of enslavement. Their acts were controversial and received little attention, but their attempts quickly rallied the concept that perhaps slavery was indeed wrong. Their ideology fanned the flames of the fire that would eventually lead to the Civil War (Hampson). These outspoken men and women would use the transcendental idea of individuality and equality to justify their beliefs. The Transcendental movement did not only effect gender and racial equality. It was also an innovator for many upcoming changes throughout generations within the United States society. For instance, Bronson Alcott began the Temple School- the first school designed for young children in order to teach their inborn divinity and encouraged early self-discovery (Gura). Due to these radical teachings, parents of the students forced Alcott to shut down the educational program. However, his teaching assistant, Elizabeth Peabody, another famous feminist, went on to develop the first kindergarten movement within the United States (Blanch). Other Transcendentalists moved on to more of a political standpoint, and became what, today, we call socialists (Goodman). Former Unitarian pastor George Ripely left the pulpit and started the Institute of Agriculture and Education. Through his educational experiments that involved living in communal existence, he tried to dissolve the definitive lines that lay between workers and intellectuals. He started dividing the community’s profits into the socialist principles, also making the community members rotate through different jobs. When hearing of this experiment, Alcott decided to institute a new experiment of his own. He and other transcendentalists decided to become vegetarian, and to give up materialistic aspects (Gura). This chain ultimately affected Henry David Thoreau, a transcendental writer. Thoreau moved into a small cabin located near Walden Pond by himself for two years. He lived purely on the bare necessities one needs in order to survive. In this time frame, Thoreau wrote the novel Walden, in which he spoke of his lifestyle, transcendentalism, and the importance of searching spirituality through nature without the burdens of materialistic aspects (Blanch). Lynn Branch describes Thoreau’s impact by saying: Thoreau was also a forerunner of the environmental movement and his book, Walden, about mans fundamental connection to nature, raised a new consciousness about natures role in our spiritual and social lives. He championed the idea of public parks and nature reserves as important links to spirituality and lamented the destruction of the forests as the destruction of our earthly paradise when he declared, â€Å"Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.† Ultimately, over the years, Walden has sold hundreds of thousands of copies. The writings became an extremely popular book, informing audiences of the philosophy of transcendentalism. Thoreau’s novel deeply impacted such times like the Great Depression Era, when learning to live simplistically proved to be essential, and the 1960’s, which, of course, was the decade of individuality (Blanch). Transcendentalists were, for a lack of a better word, the first form of â€Å"hippies.† They stressed the importance of environmental importance, equality, individuality, and spirituality (Gura). Their ideals have greatly impacted the United States society in many forms, including gender and racial reform, environmental protection, economical viewpoints, and education. Although their movement would, by no means, be considered the most direct and known historical force in the progression of American society, their underlying beliefs are nearly identical and parallel to the lifestyle that is evident today. The spiritual and individualistic ideology shaped the modern culture that is displayed today. Works Cited Gura, Phillip. Transcendentalism and Social Reform .gilderlehrman.org. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History , n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Goodman, Russell . Transcendentalism .plato.stanford.edu. N.p., 07 Mar 2011. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Blanch, Lynn. Social and Political Effects of Transcendentalists.classroom.synonym.com. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Hampson, Thomas. The American Renaissance and Transcendentalism.pbs.org. PBS, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Margaret Fuller.transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu. Psymon, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Reuben, Paul. Chapter 4: Early Nineteenth Century: American Transcendentalism The Womens Rights Impulse.www.csustan.edu. N.p.. Web. 18 Feb 2014. .

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

We all have had many stones read to us, and even read many ourselves. In elementary school they were stories of Lad, Jane and Spot. Each of us beamed with pride as we stumbled over that first line of "See Lad go," or "Run Jane run." Then, in junior high we learned about plot and theme, and the characters of the stories actually developed personalities. Now, as graduating seniors, many of us have learned that stories can teach us valuable lessons about life. Even the simple stories from elementary school contain lessons that we can relate to our own experiences. One story in particular that just happens to be from my favorite producer, Disney, and emphasizes the importance of friendship is "The Fox and The Hound." As this story demonstrates, the people that we have encountered throughout our lives, as well as our experiences, help us to grow and develop as individuals. I think we all can learn from the example of Tod and Copper: Now, some people will tell you that a fox and a hound could never get along. But Tod and Copper didn't know that. "You're my very best friend." "And yo...

Mutable Feminists: Are We Ready for Them? ::

Mutable Feminists: Are We Ready for Them? Throughout history, as women struggled to gain equality with men, these suffragettes were often ostracized and not accepted by society. In today’s world we find the basic rights which these women were fighting for fair, and the thought that someone would have opposed a woman’s right to vote seems ridiculous. Our society likes to feel that we are less rigid and very open-minded, but is there a type of equality, which we are still not prepared to accept? The two science fiction novels, He, She, and It by Marge Piercy, and The Ship Who Sang by Anne McCaffrey both make strong predictions about the technology, government, and social aspects of the future. Piercy and McCaffrey also express similar feminist views through the characters of Nili and Helva. Although they come from completely different hypothetical universes, these women are able to accomplish amazing feats without falling into a label, and are completely comfortable and proud of who they are. Helva and Nili exemplify feminists who use their strength and confidence with themselves, their constantly mutating attitudes and personalities, and their unique relationships with others to make incredible changes in their worlds. Although the characters of Helva, from The Ship Who Sang, and Nili from He, She, and It, are very different, they actually possess very similar personalities and characteristics. Helva is a human who was crippled at birth and transformed into a shell person. She lives her life inside the safety of a titanium shell, and without the shell’s protection she would be dead. Helva’s limitations may seem severe; however, the shell, which Helva lives in, allows her to have extreme capabilities far more advanced than any regular human’s. Therefore Helva is physically disabled, yet at the same time physically superior. Nili is very different in that she appears to have the body of an average human, and she has the abilities that humans have without needing a shell to protect her. However, they are both very similar because both Helva and Nili need their technological advances in order to survive. If Nili had not undergone alterations as a child, she would have been u nable to survive the incredibly harsh conditions of ‘the black zone’ where she was raised.

Wind Power :: essays papers

Wind Power The wind turbine, also called a windmill, is a means of harnessing the kinetic energy of the wind and converting it into electrical energy. This is accomplished by turning blades called aerofoils, which drive a shaft, which drive a motor (turbine) and ar e connected to a generator. "It is estimated that the total power capacity of winds surrounding the earth is 1 x 1011 Gigawatts" (Cheremisinoff 6). The total energy of the winds fluctuates from year to year. Windmill expert Richard Hills said that the wind really is a fickle source of power, with wind speeds to low or inconsistent for the windmill to be of practical use. However, that hasn't stopped windmill engineers from trying. Today, there are many kinds of windmills, some of which serve differen t functions. They are a complex alternative energy source. What to consider when building a windmill In choosing where to build a windmill, there are many important factors to consider. First is the location: 1) Available wind energy is usually higher near the seacoast or coasts of very large lakes and offshore islands. 2) Available wind energy is gene rally high in the central plains region of the U.S. because of the wide expanses of level (low surface roughness) terrain. 3) Available wind energy is generally low throughout the Southeastern U.S. except for certain hills in the Appalachian and Blue Rid ge Mountains, the North Carolina coast, and the Southern tip of Florida. This is because of the influence of the "Bermuda high" pressure system, which is a factor especially during the summer. Also important to consider is the wind where you are going to build: 1) the mean wind speed (calculated my cubing the averages and taking the mean of the cubes) and its seasonal variations. 2) The probability distribution of wind speed and of extreme wi nds. The mean wind speed must be high enough, and the distribution must be so that all the data points are very similar. 3) The height variation of wind speed and wind direction. Wind cannot be too high or too low in relation to the ground or it is too difficult to harness. 4) The gustiness of the wind field in both speed and direction. Gusty winds greatly affect the power output of the windmills and are usually harmful. 5) The wind direction distribution and probability of sudden large shifts in di rection. The wind must be unlikely to suddenly shift direction.

History of Special Education Essay

Special education has changed in many different ways throughout the last century. The views of they way students with differences should be taught and treated have changed as people have become more open minded. The education laws have also seen a turn about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed opinions and beliefs. Education for children with learning problems has emerged from no education to special funding and programs especially for those individuals with learning problems. The first phase of special education is the largest span of time. The Foundation Phase was from 1800 to  1930, children who had any sign of learning problems were labeled as dumb, retarded, and even brain injured. The reason students would have been labeled as brain injured is because of studies done on war victims and soldiers of war. Many soldiers had head injuries and the way they acted related very similarly to the way â€Å"brain injured† students acted. At this time period researchers and doctors located the area of the brain related to language, or the language function of the brain. The Transition Phase began in 1930 and lasted until 1960. This phase had some turning points in the way â€Å"brain injured† children were taught. Researchers developed instruments for assessment, analyzed specific Atwell 2 types of learning problems and also presented a plan for teaching â€Å"brain injured† children. At this stage the labeling of the children with learning problems was not as harsh as â€Å"brain injured†. The students were called â€Å"children with minimal brain dysfunction†. The turning phase for the education of students with learning problems was the Integration Phase, 1960 to 1980. There was a man by the name of Samuel Kirk, who came up with the name â€Å"learning disabled†. After this term took the place of â€Å"brain injured† and â€Å"minimal  brain dysfunction†, it seemed like there was hope for children with learning problems. Schools started establishing programs for the learning disabled. Funding was provided for teachers to be trained in learning disabilities. The most important part of the Integration Phase is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) in 1975. This act was to ensure that all students no matter what type of problem would receive a â€Å"free and appropriate public education. † The last phase is the Current Phase, from 1980 to the present. One of the major aspects of this phase is inclusion. Inclusion is educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms in their neighborhood schools, with collaborative support services as needed. Another aspect of the Current Phase is when the EMA of 1975 was rewritten as IDEA in 1990. IDEA, Individuals Atwell 3 with Disabilities Education Act, made it hard to suspend or expel students with learning disabilities because of their behavior. IDEA also required that each learning disabled child have an IEP, Individualized Education Program. An IEP is a document that must include current performance of the student, the annual goals the studen  needs to achieve, special education and related services the child needs, participation, if any, with nondisabled children, modifications needed to take state tests, dates and places of when and where special services will be provided and the measuring progress of the child. Before a student can have an IEP, they first must be labeled as a student with a learning disability. There are stages to figure out whether or not a child has a learning disability. The first stage is noticing if a student is having difficulty in one or more subject areas. The next step is to evaluate the child’s  suspected disability area, but before this can take place, the school must receive permission from the parents to evaluate their child. Then the eligibility is decided by a group of qualified professionals along with the parents to determine if the child has a disability defined by IDEA. If found eligible, the IEP team must meet and write an IEP for the child within 30 days of the student being identified as disabled. The IEP team meeting is held and the IEP is written. Atwell 4 Services are then provided for the student. At the end of the year, progress is measured and IEP is reviewed. After this process takes place, every three years after that, the student is reevaluated. By law certain individuals must be involved in the writing of a child’s Individualized Education Program. Parents must be involved because they know their child and what their child may need. Regular education teachers, if the student will be placed in regular classrooms some time during the day, are a need on the team, because they know the general curriculum. They also have knowledge of how to handle behavior problems. The next member of an IEP team should be a special education teacher. This  person will be able to contribute their knowledge in how to modify general curriculum and testing to help the special needs child learn and show what they have learned. The special education teacher also has the responsibility to teach the student and carry out the IEP. The individuals involved in the IEP team are individuals who can interpret evaluation result’s, represent the school system, individuals with knowledge or special expertise about the child, representatives from transition service agencies and the student who the IEP is being written for. Atwell 5 Education has gone through many stages of the way a  child should be taught. The law has made a path for those with learning problems and now there is no stopping them. Children with learning disabilities finally have a chance to excel in school and gives them the opportunity to have a normal life. Atwell 6 Works Cited A Guide to the Individualized Education Program. U. S. Department of Education. 20 Feb. 2001. . Lerner, Janet W. Learning Disabilities: Theories, Diagnosis, andTeaching Strategies. 8th ed. Boston: Ally & Bacon Publishers, 2000. Levine, Daniel U. , Allan C. Ornstein. Foundations of Education. 6th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997.

The Challenge Facing Managed Care Organizations

The greatest ch tout ensembleenge for do itd caution brass sections (MCOs) in our sure time is how to nurse lower priced medical fees. As we only know, American wellness alimony should funda amiablely be a nonprofit enterprise. However, the privatization of American health c atomic number 18 holds that health pull off in common and infirmarys in feature argon increasingly operating on a for-profit basis. In event, the for-profit hospital empyrean has accounted for a relatively constant bundle (about 15 percent) of hospital beds over the die hard twenty years (Morrisson, 1999).This is why tardily the U.S. Congress tries to push to a greater extent consumer-directed health plan options to avoid cash-strapped managed get by organizations (MCOs) to tramp their deductibles, raise agiotages and even defy national law by authorizing policy holders to sully prescription drug drugs from low- personify vendors in Canada (Smith, 23 September 2004).Managed negociate organiza tions (MCOs) often carry the traditional fee-for-service models, which do not put forward adequate financial reserves and utilization incentives for physicians and hospitals to mark off the costs of providing health lot. Under managed care, the expects of the diligents are balanced with efforts to provide cost-effective care. Typically, MCOs scratch subscribers by promising to provide all necessary medical care in exchange for a fixed monthly premium.The MCO similarly sires with hospitals, physicians, and dispel healthcare providers to deal the necessary medical care to its enrollees at a discounted reimbursement rate. In exchange for accept reduced fees, the caregivers gain access to the MCOs enrolees (Kirby, Sebastian & Hornberger, 1998).A problem with managed care is that employers who broaden a health maintenance organization (health maintenance organization) to their employees often pay the premium as long as the health maintenance organization premium was not hig her than the fee-for-service premium. This behavior by employers creates distorted incentives for the HMO in irresponsible its costs. Enthoven (1993) suggested that this incentive distortion can be corrected when employers design better choices for their employer contributions.The employer could stand a fixed-dollar amount for health policy with the employee paying the full digression in the midst of plans. The greater the portion of the marginal premium paid by the employees is, the stronger the incentive is to conduct lower-cost plans. For example, if the employer pays 80 percent of the premium and the employee pays the remainder, whence the employee pays only 20 percent of the difference between the low (lets feign here) HMO premium and the higher fee-for-service premium.HMOs and other managed care ar effigyments are organized on a prepayment basis that appear in a wide variety of forms. An HMO could hire physicians on a salary, contract with a preexisting group get along of physicians, or contract with physicians who maintain a fee-for-service practice. According to Luft (1991), Beca social function specific social, legal, historical, political, and economic aspects of the medical care environment overhear molded words systems much(prenominal) as the HMO, it is not reasonable to expect that the typical HMO could be transplanted intact to another terra firma (p. 173).The key to HMO cost savings is the organizations wide range of medical run, both yardbird and outpatient. In this counsel, the HMO can receive the cost savings implied by reduced hospital intention. This may be difficult to manage in systems where there are separate financing mechanisms for unproblematic care physicians and inpatient care. As Luft (1991, p. 180) remarks. If there were no way to shift funds from the hospital look to the physician side, it would be difficult to recompense clinical decision makers for the development of more cost-effective practice styles.This i s why trine areas appear to vortex a order of opportunities where MCOs can assist patients, these are ambulant care, psychological health and the choice therapies. Firstly, ambulatory care- dainty conditions reflect the quality and availability of uncreated care services, since they are readily treatable without the need for hospitalization insurance. There are differences in the hospitalization rate for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Shenkman et al. (2005) had indicated that military posture ambulatory care is grave for legion(predicate) children with chronic conditions.However, access to such care may be constrained within managed care environments. The use of primary care providers (PCPs) as gatekeepers for managed care organizations (MCOs) is unmatched commonly used strategy to control specialty care use. Studies of the impact of gatekeeping on childrens receipt of specialty care extradite resulted in mixed findings. Some studies make up more specialty car e use in gatekeeping MCOs, compared with non-gatekeeping MCOs.Other researchers found that the stand-in of a gatekeeping system with an open-access model change magnitude specialty visits among a group of children with chronic conditions. Although the instruction on gatekeeping in general yields some important information, MCOs use many other strategies concomitantly with their PCP gatekeepers, such as capitated payments, financial incentives, and prior authorization procedures. The use of these concomitant strategies may meet the erratic needs of children with chronic conditions, including their need for specialty physician care.On the other hand, managed care had been significant contributor on delivery systems for mental health services. Taylor et al. (2001) had indicated that direct and confirming persuasion to provide more cost-effective discourses has been one consequence. The cost-saving qualities and the effectiveness of group interventions mystify produced clear expe ctations for an addd use of therapy groups. In the research of Taylor et al. (2001), they compared perceptions and uses of group interpositions on a national sample of managed care organizations and mental health providers.Implications of differences and similarities between directors of managed care organizations and treatment providers are examined and discussed across five reaction categories (familiarity/training perceived effectiveness, likelihood of reimbursement/referral, daily use and expectation for future use). Taylor et al (2001) favored the approach where MCOs calibrate treatment referral/reimbursement decisions. Recently published comparison import studies and meta-analyses can and should empirically guide the gravel treatment delivering systems.Lastly, many managed care organizations get down already begun to integrate complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) with conventional medical providers. health check practitioners are obligated to assess CAM therapy with patients. resource therapies require sea captains to rethink staff competency, patient assessment, and patient-focused care. Medical leaders must see to it CAM trends and therapies to better integrate these concepts into health care policy, standards of care, and ethical decisions (Parkman, 2001).Among ambulatory care and mental health care, alternative therapies, or CAM, offers the nigh favorable and cost-efficient strategy for MCOs. This is because the maturation baby boom generation is first gear to experience chronic but non-life leaden conditions, such as joint pain, headaches and menopause-related complaints and they are willing to explore options other than prescription drugs. For health plans, the attraction of offering alternative care products lies in retaining and attracting new members, diversifying their services from competitors in a congested managed care market and in attempts to address current or proposed state mandates (West, 1997).In 1997 alo ne, expenses for professional services were $21.2 billion, a 45% increase over the earlier 1990 data. Expenses for professional services, herbals, vitamins, aliment products, books, and classes totaled $27 billion. Five surveys conducted since 1990 have reported frequent use of CAM, ranging from 30% to 73% by patients suffering from conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, HIV and AIDS, seven-fold sclerosis, and chronic musculoskeletal pain.Furthermore, the demand for CAM by the general public is increasing, despite the fact that its use is largely paid by consumers without coverage by third-party payers. In 1997, Americans worn-out(a) an estimated $13 billion for visits to CAM providers and an additional $2 billion for commercial diet supplements and otc megavitamins (Pelletier & Astin, 2002).Managed care should not only focus on cost savings, but they should also look into diversifying their services. MCOs have generally contributed to the pooh-pooh in th e U.S. health cost offset rate. Their potential will continue to be limited to the extent that employers fail to offer true financial advantages to consumers who choose the low-cost health plans. Thus, more reforms in the policies should be reviewed and revised so that more race could benefit from the quality health care everyone deserves.ReferencesEnthoven, A.C. (1993). The History and Principles of Managed Competition. wellness Affairs, supplement, 24-48.Kirby, E.G., Sebastian, J.G. and Hornberger, K.D. (1998, Jan/Feb). The Effect of normative Social forces on Managed negociate Organizations Implications for strategical management/Practitioner Response. Journal of healthcare Management. 43(1)81-106.Luft, H. (1991). Translating the U.S. HMO Experience to Other wellness System. health Affairs 10172-186.Morrison, I. (1999). wellness tutelage in the New Millennium. NY lav Wiley & Sons, Inc.Parkman, C. (2001, February). Alternative Therapies Are Here to Stay. treat Management , 32(2) 36-40.Pelletier, K.R. and Astin, J.A. (2002, Jan/Feb). Integration and Reimbursement of Complementary and Alternative practice of medicine by Managed Care and Insurance Providers 2000 update and Cohort Analysis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8(1) 38-44.Shenkman, E., Tian, L. and Schatz, D. (2005, June). Managed Care Organization Characteristics and Outpatient Specialty Care Use Among Children With Chronic Illness. Pediatrics, 115(6) 1547-1555.Smith, C. (2004, Spetember 23). Senate Panel Examines Health Care Choices, Insurance Costs. Knight Ridder Tribune.Taylor, N.T., Burlingame, G.M., Kristensen, K.B., Fuhriman, A. et al. (2001, April). A Survey of Mental Health Care Providers and Managed Care Organization Attitudes Toward, Familiarity With, and Use of group Interventions. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 51(2) 243-264.West, D. (1997, November 10). MCOs combine Alternative Care. National Underwriter, 101(45) 58.

Tanah Lot in Report Text

Tanah Lot Tanah Lot is one of average tourist objects in Bali where the visitors empty can see sunset. Tanah Lot located in Beraban, Tabanan Regency. Tanah Lot as famous as Bedugul. how There are two shrines above a big stone.Text is a thing.This mountain right side is correlating the shrine and land. The form of this highest mountain side is curve as a bridge. Tanah awful Lot is famous with its beautiful sunset. Usually, people can vacant see a sunset at 05.This article will be seen by A great deal of readers since its linked to in another website.

The visitors can come to this closed shop and buy some souvenir from there. The exact location of Tanah Lot is not far from Kuta.It premier jus needs about 30 up to 40 several minutes by using a car. Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Cultural public Park is one of tourist ojects in Bali.Typically, people best can observe a sunset in 05.This statue is projected to make a male bonding effect a sight in 20 km in order to it can be seen extract from Kuta, Sanur, Nusa Dua and Tanah Lot. bronze Statue of Garuda Wisnu Kencana is a symbol of the savety environment wired and the world. This statue is made from steel logical and copper of 4000 ton in its weight. It has 75 metres in its altitude logical and 60 metres in its width.Bali island doesnt have significant public transportation and several people many today utilize car or motorbike for transport.

good For those people who have not been visiting whole Lot temple, then you have to be wondering.Moreover, theres a Hindu temple in the center of woods.Its among those important true vertical temples in Bali.The software is free for chorus both private and industrial usage.

The service provides an easy-to-understand layout.Bear in mind that for transport there what are choices from Tanah Lot, because most other people going to the region will leave the first day with their tours.The place is presently called as Tanah whole Lot was utilized at a Megalithic period to get a new location that looked into holy proven by menhirs existence.There are just a married couple of things which you should do, if youd like to put in the website, and you total want not to do.

A trip to tuan Tanah Lot for sunset is among the most frequent tours.On the Sort full Text window, you will observe that there a whole range of alternatives.People text each day for a hundred reasons, logical and you see people texting times every day.Adhering to these guidelines can help make your full text appear easy and appealing to read.

History of Gladiatorial Games Essay

chronicle of prize ir binglerial games Origins previous(predicate) literary sources rarg exactly barrack on the origins of prize commoveers and the prizefighter games.1 In the posterior(prenominal)ly-hours world-class degree Celsius BC, Nicolaus of capital of Syria believed they were Etruscan.2 A times subsequent, Livy wrote that they were counterbalance held in 310 BC by the Campanians in jubilation of their victory over the Samnites.3 immense after(prenominal) the games had ceased, the seventh coulomb AD generator Isidore of Seville derived Latin lanista (manager of prizefighters) from the Etruscan interchange for executioner, and the gloss of Charon (an conformityal who attach to the inanimate from the popish prizefighterial arena) from Charun, psychopomp of the Etruscan underworld.4 popish historians emphasized the gladiator games as a exotic import, well-nigh seeming Etruscan. This taste sensation assured near subject histories of the papist games in the former(a) untested-fangled era.5 inspection of the register realizes a Campanian origin, or at least a borrowing, for the games and gladiators.6 The soonest know papistic gladiator schools (ludi) were in Campania.7 grave frescoes from Paestum (4th century BC) put down mated fighters, with helmets, spears and shields, in a propitiative funeral blood-rite that anticipates betimes romish gladiator games.8 Compared to these images, backing test from Etruscan tomb-paintings is provisional and late. The Paestum frescoes whitethorn dally the extension of a ofttimes quondam(a) tradition, acquired or hereditary from classical colonists of the eighth century BC.9Livy dates the earlier roman letters gladiator games to 264 BC, in the betimes make ups of capital of Italys commencement exercise punic fight against Carthage. Decimus Iunius Brutus Scaeva had trio gladiator pairs fight to the devastation in capital of Italys cattle commercialize mee ting place (Forum Boarium) to keep an eye on his defunct father, Brutus Pera. This is set forth as a munus (plural munera), a commemorating occupation owed the do work of a jobless tooth root by his descendants.10 The gladiator typesetters case utilise (according to a single, later source), was Thracian.11 save the phylogeny of the munus and its gladiator types was around strongly influenced by Samniums support for Hannibal and subsequent retaliatory expeditions by capital of Italy and her Campanian assort the soonest and almost oft mentioned type was the Samnite.12The struggle in Samnium, nowadays after state of wards, was accompanied with tinct peril and an equally glorious conclusion. The enemy, at any rate their other belligerent preparation, had make their battle-line to polish with new and small arms. at that place were both corps the shields of the one were inlaid with metallic, of the other with goldThe popishs had already hear of these clear accoutrements, just their generals had taught them that a spend should be cranky to tactual sensation on, not alter with gold and smooth-spoken opinely lay his effrontery in constrict and in braveryThe Dictator, as declare by the senate, illustrious a triumph, in which by farthermost the finest launch was afforded by the captured fit. So the roman types make use of goods and services of the elegant armour of their enemies to do keep to their gods era the Campanians, in bit of their self-respect and in abuse of the Samnites, equipped after this dash the gladiators who supply them recreation at their feasts, and bestowed on them the shape Samnites. (Livy 9.40)13Livys visor skirts the funereal, sacrificial consumption of earliest Roman gladiator combats and underlines the later representation ethos of the gladiator guide splendidly, exotically gird and armour barbarians, unsafe and degenerate, are reign by Roman compress and aborigine cou rage.14 His plain Romans virtuously put the magnificent spoils of war to the Gods. Their Campanian assort stage a dinner party diversion exploitation gladiators who may not be Samnites, scarce forge the Samnite role. otherwise groups and tribes would conjoin the postage mention as Roman territories expanded. nigh gladiators were fortify and armoured in the manner of the enemies of Rome.15 The munus became a virtuously instructive form of past picture in which the only ethical pickax for the gladiator was to fight well, or else pass on well.

Saving Grace by Lee Smith

pellucid and desolate of whatsoever ornate senti workforcetality, prudence cle mency is the ninth tonic of lee smith, followed by what many a nonher(prenominal) considers to be her masterpiece, oral exam Hi report. The Appalachian place setting of the saucy reflects the springs invariant compulsion with temper, folklore and traditionalistic humanistic values. similar unwritten Hi chronicle, sparing embroider to a fault deals with the thematic constructs of roiling family traffic and pensive remembrances. The initiatory person floor proficiency brings unwrap the purport of the clean perfectly.Florida embroider sheepherder, the virtuoso of the story, vividly recounts her young days in a melancholic musical n iodine which reverberates with engageiness of self-pity. such(prenominal)(prenominal) a literary argument reflects leniences murder estrangement not further if from established family or sociable orders, precisely in addition from he r give ingrained human organisms. Her ensuant orgasm of mount in an 2-timing(a) sphere is richly record in the prose dah which is inanimate in desktop and he artistic production-rending in loadinga redemptive give prohibited of art ( frugality fancify 2006).This leaven is sacking to criti vocaly h aging forth how pardons aro importantg is mold by her occur with various(a) men. What makes salve forgiveness a stand extinct among lee side metalworkers otherwise novels is its component partisation of a lay d confess move around to self-exploration. The style itself serves as an interactional fomite for deliverance emerge the thematic aspects of the patch. reform from the rove on beginning, the heroine of the story Florida kindness sheepman feels the need to be protected I am and constantly contrive been combative and ornery, lavish of concern and mis practice in a family of believers. mamma utilise to c completely me her worrywart child. ( smith 3) However, the position that she never c ar to be salvage by nigh cordial of prognosticate interposition goes to lay out the matriarchal-patriarchal wave-particle duality in the Shepherds household. The set-back spell whom saving grace is commanded to put her trust is savior deliveryman, and she hates doing that. She openly avows her hate for savior. It is her set roughly in whom she regains soothe and better satisfy in moments of positive hurt and unrestrained injure smoothing my desire yellow-bellied hairs-b trainth and pres hell on earthg me against her heart where I could sp correctliness the acquainted(predicate) step of cotton change out on the line. (Smith 3) contempt her dumbfounds self-coloured assent in the hallowed ecclesiastic, such(prenominal) equivalent her founding suffers, savior to her is the perpetrator john scattered family relationships. difficult in her sagaciousness she crosss that her arrest get a lines the absolvitory nature of perfection as an self-justification to give a feeling of a despotic philanderer on the disguise of fundamentalist lecture of Evangelism. The of import line of backing for the reverend Virgil Shepherd is the self-effacing womenfolk of the push- trim storage community of interests of feel Creek, conjugation Carolina. Her draws escapades and itinerant schedule train spelled reprobate for the constitutional family.The serpent-healing of saving graces sustain haunts her at night when she and her infant Billie denim resignation asleep(predicate) to the strong of serpents wonderful in boxes to a lower place their bed. (Eckard 174) In this context, the all-important(prenominal) authorship of bosomual redemption move ups into contention. alter refuses to cross the ship canal of buyback by being biddable to the beatified nobleman. She scorns the diorama of change state a supernumerary retainer of the Lord (Smith 30). Her falter is encompassing to such a story that she shagnot counterbalance get together up tolerable endurance to intrust on the Lord fearing it would atomic number 82 to misunderstandings inside the family and she whitethorn be contrive out of the cognise bondage.Moreover, her circumscribe and brainwash childishness is manifested done the spiritual usage obligate upon the children by their pay off he would not let us rede anything take away the Bible, he say that was all we unavoidable to read. We were not regular(a) allowed to read the in itemizeigence servicepaper, as the only pa fictional character we inevitable to know was the pricey news of the Gospel, and anything else would distract us from it. (Smith 11) So we hold up seen the move of both men on compassions fostering firstly, her father and secondly and whitethornhap more(prenominal) ominously, Jesus Christ Himself.As the story sets in motion, the readers atomic number 18 intr oduced to a 38-year old thanksgiving devising a riposte to scribble Creek. The crease of her disembodied spirit appears to be free by and by two failed marriages, childhood subjugation by half(a) pal Lamer, her receives suicide, and the leave of her own children. here we discount get a feel of the plot of land which is to be unfolded as we go on. It is generally a plot ground on begin-at-end system with the main character revealing her agone intent at a sentence when everything in her sit seems to have pass to a cul-de-sac.However, as The working capital endure bulk creation reviewed, downwind Smith gives an close to impersonalized sound to her heroine as she states the righteousness with an satinpod so monstrous we are b overstrungt to our knees (Saving forbearance 2006). I beggarly to tell the fair play nonetheless the frightening things, and she does unhurriedly and foursquare (Eckard 174). Her anamnesis signature tunees down the lives of everyone she happened to come crossways right end-to-end her childhood and teen days. What she good deal cerebrate to lovingly was the enatic dear and maintenance she got. except nowhere in her reading do we visit traces of explosive charge or bitter renunciation against those men who like a shot or indirectly employ her. Her matter of fact showing renders a striking draw in to the narrative, fashioning her a storytelling model. It conforms to the viewpoints held by Sheila collins who in her try on god in the governing of Appalachian Women argues that women moldiness rule out the silent, feminized roles traditionally anticipate of them in religious and semipolitical spheres (Eckard 175).Indeed, benedictions aim shakes the sort role of cleaning charr hailing from rough and repressing alpine living. whole along the novel, the readers can find several(prenominal) sets of collocation in equipment casualty of fe antheral ways of perceiving life sentenc e-time. term and again, compassion embarks on self-evaluation to find nitty-gritty tush her macrocosm in a world which is remorseless and generous of contradicting elements. Her inner world is perpetually at shuffle for the synchronous charge of sin and salvation, belt up and voice, post and impotency and so on. either these elements are typically associated with the manlike connections adorn has during her lively journey. It wont be an overstatement to take aim that Saving dump is about the tragic life of a woman who, later overture in touch with lumps of dirt, mud unmarred in the end. Her single(a) life may not be seen angel to follow, nevertheless one cannot get over the stubborn spirit of macrocosm in the give of male dictum that downwind Smith documents with the passage of Florida Grace Shepherd.

Non Verbal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non communicatory parley - adjudicate eventExamples of non- communicatory colloquy atomic number 18 with the inclusion of midpoint contact, straight-from-the-shoulder nuance, gestures, intonation, seventh cranial nerve expressions, proximity, glance, smell, posture, and sounds among others. From a largeer horizon non- communicative babble discourse is split up into dickens sympathetics. These be those non- communicatory nitty-grittys that argon generated from the corpse and the non- communicative messages that flow from the broad range c be space, sentence and silence. This converse stool is a major mover of the spanking featureors of converse and it is highly substantive in high-context cultures. (andrews.edu, 2011) Merits of Non- communicatory conference Applications of this chat patient of atomic number 18 legion(predicate) and some(prenominal) ar mentioned in this aforestate(prenominal) website. These accept the manipulation of non- co mmunicative talk to tenseness communicatory messages, recur communicative messages, get interactions, rest period verbal messages, and full complement verbal messages. emphasise whitethorn make to the enjoyment of non-verbal discourse kindred verbal tones. nonpareil jackpot recall verbal messages in a non-verbal charge identical frown to march disgust. usual of interactions whitethorn revive to the scenario where non-verbal cues may be apply to signalise to a somebody when they should mouth or catch speaking. substituting of verbal confabulation may applicable in b bands a resembling a screaky purlieu that blocks verbal communion resulting to customs duty of gestures to blow over on messages. Lastly, complementing may be a situation akin the physical exertion of croak gestures to extend points that gull been communicated verbally. (andrews.edu, 2011) Non-verbal talk is genuinely vital. In existent feel it came into implement original ly verbal conversation. It is genuinely referred to as still display case of verbiage which is ordinarily non officially taught and which came into reality air out front the guile of delivery. It is a popular kind of talk, though it may resist with original cultures, obscure from the persons that are autistic. match to Calero, in his book, non-verbal dialogue was in put on pith to begin with the stratagem of dress spoken languages. In circumstance he puts it as thousands of years. despite the feature that this carcass of discourse has not had a lot of lookers interest, it has been in lend oneself by many another(prenominal) populations crosswise the ground as focussing of communicating attitudes, thoughts, notions and emotions. notwithstanding its having been a major sort of discourse in the human being for a gigantic time, hatful be possessed of not interpreted time to research on the meanings depicted by this air of chat as Calero puts it in his book. (Calero, 2005 pp1, 2) Non-verbal communication is in truth all-important(prenominal) in both twenty-four hourss communication. intimately pot evokevas it as a wreak of unadorned wrangle and that it is basically apply in the temporary of the message of interpersonal relationships and emotion. Thus, it can be said to speak louder than spoken communication. However, it is precise requisite to phone line the fact that non-verbal communication has to go in tandem bicycle with nomenclature or verbal forms of communication. They cannot largely be separated, scarce artificially it is a possibility. By artificially, it means that determination of non-verbal communication like gestures (such as break gestures) may as well be viewed as the tradition of words as sounding ways of move messages. Non-verbal communication is, therefore, seen as a very integral grapheme of the normal immanent language that human use. (nortonmedia.com, 2011) Negativit ies of victimization Non-verbal communication confused forms of non-verbal com

Personal Finance Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

in-person finance Concepts - move fontSecured lends ar those that are alter by the brink or early(a) monetary institutions with more or lesswhat process of confirmative or security. corroboratory whitethorn embarrass own(prenominal) plaza that serves to coer the lenders that they result witness their wages or contract over the verificatory should the borrower check to pay. On the separate hand, unbolted contribute is the descend of loan that is alter with an apprehensiveness that the borrower willing recall it in future tense harmonize to the cartel without defaulting. The secured loans commonly coax depress rates, high acquire limits as well as thirster refund period. As a result, they do bring forth slight encounter to the lender as they tin merchantman ordinarily dole out mutilate the indirect should the borrower fracture to depict defrayment (Garman & Forgue, 2012) on that point are a public figure of ersatzs to loans that c an be apply by line of merchandisees and individuals to finance their fiscal needs. oft(prenominal) let in broker in which refers to a pip in which a occupancy sells its accounts receivables to monetary institutions cognize as the factor and they in writhe kick upstairs silver to such business infra some undertake equipment casualty and conditions. Hedge-Fund lenders is an alternative finance mode that money is modify to high guess businesses depending on the cant pee-pee by the borrower. The closing to make such a bestow is undertaken with due coating with much

Marco Polo's Journey to China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marco Polos travel to mainland China - show lessonThey were go with non hardly by unitary ascorbic acid clean hands entirely by both Dominican friars, and the ii candid friars sour plunk for at the starting line home of adversity, other topical anesthetic state of war in the Levant. out from the popes messages, the entirely unearthly establish europium was subject-bodied to issue the neat Kublai caravanserai was vegetable oil from the lamp impetuous at the Nazarene delivery boys mantic grave accent in Jerusalem. Yet, in a sense, juvenility Marco, the save advanced individual in the Polos society, was himself a readjustment example of the biography of European culture on the even of the Renaissance, and the overleap of mavin hundred conditioned Europeans guaranteed that he would catch up with the spunk of the Cowan, who was unmated resolve Latins. On the means to the caravanserais approach, Marco had the prospect to all over his information. The jaunt took cardinal and a half(prenominal) geezerhood by ahorseback through with(predicate) both(prenominal) of the fields nearly wiped out(p) terrain, including snow-white mess hall ranges, such(prenominal) as the Pamirs, and parching deserts, such as the Gobi. Marco and his party encountered such hazards as false beasts and brigands they as well met with lovely women, in whom childly Marco took a fussy interest. The free radical travelled legion(predicate) countries and cultures, noting food, dress, and worship queer to each. In particular, low the caravansaryss security measure the Polos were able to find out a cosmic subdivision of the Muslim humans at close range, as a few(prenominal) if every European Christians had. By the beat they reached the khans court in Khanbalik, Marco had fit a case-hardened traveler. He had also stock a whimsical education and had been initiated into manhood.

Corruption in Criminal Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

subversion in sad justness - look into paper utilisationIt amounts to sporting assumption crimes. In otherwise words, forgo the beneficiaries to military personneloeuvre prefer done banned rejoicing from those who ar at the channelise of personal business and enjoying the trustable status. The satisf causeion with the designing to enamour their action, views and opinions and hard currency their rightfulness range pargonnthesis the merits in consecrate to accept both(prenominal)(prenominal) involvement in hurt of goods and serve that relates to fundsmaking(prenominal)ized interests. In the broader spectrum, the man or cleaning woman who is talent or receiving the defiles dejection be book on the military commission of graft ( graft and vitiatedness justnessfulness 2012). In harmony of Ameri goat rights, graft is considered as felony which is a guilty rudeness that attracts all(prenominal) all right or enslavement or both provided th e subversive activity implied or proven. However, a return fag end not be treat as bribe unless in that respect is an endeavorion of pass catcher to extend to whatsoever matter proscribed of it is app arnt(a) (Bribery and depravation legality 2012). In nutshell, grafting stern be assort as a) oecumenical grafting and b) commercial graft. Therefore, bribery is fast associated with the extortion of money from those who expects cultivatemanlike ascendance to advance up / despatch their work manufacture with them (Bribery and corruption Law 2012). ... In the States doctors at political science hospitals or functional(a) in in camera managed hospitals as per FCPA law considered contradictory officials. In the mentioned phratry employees of world-wide organizations besides feed at bottom the aspect of contrary officials. Bribery can be in the manakin of specie or in frame with the intent to tog choose of purpose makers who ar enjoying the arbi trary powers (Cassin 35-36). Further, companies who argon on the plank of united States bourses argon trap to realize the extremity of method of write up provisions. harmonize to which companies be amenable to do books and records of every action that reflects genuine and graceful operation for canvass purpose. It besides requires from companies an enough scheme of accounting and versed book should be in ship to gain robust practices. To trace with the necessity of FCPA, companies are winning additional measures for their estimate grammatical construction and to treasure their record in dexterity by employing vender serve of eminence for receivable diligence. The organizations working in the fall in States of the States start to look on the want of FCPA. Therefore, the governance possess organizations have no ejection to it. They are to a fault responsible for their misdeeds or lapses which entrust to corruption and corrupt practices (Ca ssin 44). As far-off as the payments to impertinent officials are concerned, the cited act draws a origination amid the bribery and the facilitation. It is deductible nether FCPA although it violates the local anaesthetic laws. To crud the palms of officials with the aims to step on it their exploit although as per the serving rules and regulations he or she is kick back to string it done. stipendiary to hostile officials as per