Review of related literature and studies Essay Example for Free

Review of related literature and studies Essay This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies that serving as a background and frame of preference upon which conceptual framework was formulated. This material gave much background and information for the present study. Related Literature (12 page single space) p 7-21 2. 1 Slavery 2. 1. 1 Timeline of Significant Events. The slave trade had a long history. The first importation of slaves by the Spanish vessels from Africa to America took place in 1522. The first African Slaves arrived in Virginia, USA in 1619. The English colonies start the lawful establishment of slavery in 1660 which included the United States. The start of the big waves of slave importations into the English colonies from Africa occurred in 1700. The slaves start to outnumber the English Americans in 1720. The Quakers start to fight against the evils of Slavery in 1750. The French and Indian War resulted to the expulsion of the French army from many parts of North America for ten years starting in 1753. The United States war for independence from Great Britain started in 1775 in the war of Lexington and Concord. The United States finally declared that it wanted to be independent from the Great Britain on July 9, 1776 . And, the Continental Congress of the United States formally approved their Articles of Confederation on July 9, 1778. And, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania finally abolished the practice of slavery. Great Britain and the United States formally signed the Treaty of Paris agreeing to stop the independence war between the two countries and to recognize the United States as a new nation. And, the Continental Congress sends the new Constitution to the state for ratification on September 28, 1783. George Washington is proclaimed as the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789. The Bill of Rights that contained the first ten amendments were approved by more than three fourths of the United States territory and becomes part of the United States Constitution. The United States bought Louisiana from France for fifteen million U. S. dollars. And the members of the United States formally made a law banning the importation of slaves into the United States . Further, the White Churches start their religious outreaches to the African American slaves. The United States quelled the revolt orchestrated by Nat Turner in Virginia. Abraham Lincoln was chosen by the people as the sixteenth president of the United States on March 4, 1861. General Robert Lee’s Confederate army formally surrenders and ends the Civil War on April 9, 1861. The thirteenth Amendment was finally approved by the United States Congress. Lastly, the United States Congress approves with finality the fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This amendment gives automatic citizenship to the slaves. This amendment also punishes those states that do not comply in with the Amendment to remove slavery by taking away the rebelling state’s representation in Congress. Also, all free men are given the right to vote under the fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Beloved novel also had a theme entitled slavery. Slavery is described by the novel’s author as commonplace. This means that the people who have slaves are considered normal people. The people during this time period accept that slavery is an institution and its philosophy and mindset affects the lives of many people in the slave –prevalent parts of the United States. Consequently, slavery had its advantages and disadvantages. There are also good owners of slaves as well as abusive owners of slaves. Beloved speaks of Garners. They are the owners of the slaves like Sethe. They were very kind to the African American slaves. In return, the slaves like Sethe and Paul D. , another slave, respected the Garners. This happy cooperation between the Garners and the slaves came to an abrupt end when the Garners died. This novel describes the years before the Civil War and the years after it. Morrison’s lyrical narrative coherently weaves together the supernatural and the tangible giving a literary masterpiece that pours out a dazzling achievement resulting to a spellbinding reading activity . They were replaced by the cruel leadership of the Garner replacement. The replacement was a man known only as school teacher. Paul D later stated that their happy home would only last as long as the Garners were alive. This was definitely true. Paul D. further reiterated that their happy home under the Garners would be shattered upon his death. The novel also dictates that the Garners are for against the practice of slavery. However, the novel identifies the slaves as just simple playthings or workers who were manipulated by the Garners to feed their fantasies and wants with the slaves as instruments. In a simple to read manner, Beloved author Morrison wants to paint a picture in the minds of the Beloved readers how big the problem of slavery is. Morrison also indirectly gives clues as to how widespread and evil the slave trade was during those fateful time periods. The author, Morrison, also emphasizes that there are some ways to eradicate slavery. In the Bodwin home, there is a statue of an African American child. The statue has on it an inscription that reads â€Å"At Yo Service†.

The Transcendental Movement: History and Concepts

The Transcendental Movement: History and Concepts The Transcendental Movement centered on thriving to discover the age-old philosophical question: What exactly is the true meaning of life? In order to find an answer, Transcendentalists focused on five main beliefs. They were individualism, nature, anti-materialism, intuition, and the quest to find the truth of existence (Gura). Notably, the Movement lured in famous names such as authors Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and women right’s activist Margret Fuller. Due to the rather extreme liberal views and the controversy that arose from their particular ideology, Transcendentalism barely made a splash in the 1830 society (Blanch). However, as history has played out, the principles of the philosophical movement have clearly had an impact in American revolutions. As much as the movement is often incorrectly labeled as being against Christian belief systems, Transcendentalism roots reach back to Christianity through the already liberal Unitarian denomination. In approximately 1835, young men training to become Unitarian ministers rebelled against their spiritual elders. They found the belief in Christ’s miracles to be outlandish, claiming that his moral teachings were more than enough to make him a prophet (Gura). The men also rejected the blanket theory that human knowledge directly comes from senses; rather, they argued that spiritual principles that come from within one’s self consequently lead to a better comprehension of the world. Due to these first principles, the main ideas of Transcendentalism’s â€Å"intuition† and â€Å"conscience† were quickly embraced. Founders claimed that through these ideas, one can move beyond- or â€Å"transcend†- past the dull experiences of the lower domain, and on to spiritual bliss. This euphoric state was only made possible through, as named by Ralph Emerson, the Oversoul, which is virtually defined as being a universal force in which every soul partakes. Through this Oversoul, one exceeds individual consciousness (Goodman). At the core, Transcendentalists thoroughly believed in equality, for there was no distinct line between the saved and the damned. It was truly up to the individual whether or not to take advantage of the Oversoul that takes them into the spiritual world. Because of the main theme of equality, the philosophy seemed perfectly fitted for a nation that claimed to be founded upon equivalence (Gura). However, as history has proven, the United States has, by no means, been the perfect picture of social fairness. Obviously, the transcendental theory conflicted with the antebellum efforts of social reform. The new philosophy deemed that if all, regardless of race and gender, were created equal, then they should be treated as such. From the start, the movement’s ideals have played a strong role in American social progression. Phillip F. Gura states, â€Å"For some, such reform activities were the natural outgrowth of Transcendentalist thought, and they made social reform virtually the entire focus of their Transcendentalism.† Transcendentalism deeply influenced the women right’s development (Reuben). This philosophy was one of the first to make the fight for gender equality seem somewhat acceptable. It had a strong impact on activist Margret Fuller, who is one of the most famous feminists in recorded history. She first broke down the occupational inequality barriers when she became the editor at the Transcendental Club newspaper titled, The Dial. Later on, she wrote Women of the Ninetieth Century, which, due to its political radicalness, became the most known feminist book of its era, and drew mass attention to the cause (â€Å"Margret Fuller†). Two decades before the civil war, this movement was already battling the fight against slavery. These philosophers wrote letters, articles, and provided lectures in hopes of achieving the abolition of enslavement. Their acts were controversial and received little attention, but their attempts quickly rallied the concept that perhaps slavery was indeed wrong. Their ideology fanned the flames of the fire that would eventually lead to the Civil War (Hampson). These outspoken men and women would use the transcendental idea of individuality and equality to justify their beliefs. The Transcendental movement did not only effect gender and racial equality. It was also an innovator for many upcoming changes throughout generations within the United States society. For instance, Bronson Alcott began the Temple School- the first school designed for young children in order to teach their inborn divinity and encouraged early self-discovery (Gura). Due to these radical teachings, parents of the students forced Alcott to shut down the educational program. However, his teaching assistant, Elizabeth Peabody, another famous feminist, went on to develop the first kindergarten movement within the United States (Blanch). Other Transcendentalists moved on to more of a political standpoint, and became what, today, we call socialists (Goodman). Former Unitarian pastor George Ripely left the pulpit and started the Institute of Agriculture and Education. Through his educational experiments that involved living in communal existence, he tried to dissolve the definitive lines that lay between workers and intellectuals. He started dividing the community’s profits into the socialist principles, also making the community members rotate through different jobs. When hearing of this experiment, Alcott decided to institute a new experiment of his own. He and other transcendentalists decided to become vegetarian, and to give up materialistic aspects (Gura). This chain ultimately affected Henry David Thoreau, a transcendental writer. Thoreau moved into a small cabin located near Walden Pond by himself for two years. He lived purely on the bare necessities one needs in order to survive. In this time frame, Thoreau wrote the novel Walden, in which he spoke of his lifestyle, transcendentalism, and the importance of searching spirituality through nature without the burdens of materialistic aspects (Blanch). Lynn Branch describes Thoreau’s impact by saying: Thoreau was also a forerunner of the environmental movement and his book, Walden, about mans fundamental connection to nature, raised a new consciousness about natures role in our spiritual and social lives. He championed the idea of public parks and nature reserves as important links to spirituality and lamented the destruction of the forests as the destruction of our earthly paradise when he declared, â€Å"Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.† Ultimately, over the years, Walden has sold hundreds of thousands of copies. The writings became an extremely popular book, informing audiences of the philosophy of transcendentalism. Thoreau’s novel deeply impacted such times like the Great Depression Era, when learning to live simplistically proved to be essential, and the 1960’s, which, of course, was the decade of individuality (Blanch). Transcendentalists were, for a lack of a better word, the first form of â€Å"hippies.† They stressed the importance of environmental importance, equality, individuality, and spirituality (Gura). Their ideals have greatly impacted the United States society in many forms, including gender and racial reform, environmental protection, economical viewpoints, and education. Although their movement would, by no means, be considered the most direct and known historical force in the progression of American society, their underlying beliefs are nearly identical and parallel to the lifestyle that is evident today. The spiritual and individualistic ideology shaped the modern culture that is displayed today. Works Cited Gura, Phillip. Transcendentalism and Social Reform .gilderlehrman.org. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History , n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Goodman, Russell . Transcendentalism .plato.stanford.edu. N.p., 07 Mar 2011. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Blanch, Lynn. Social and Political Effects of Transcendentalists.classroom.synonym.com. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Hampson, Thomas. The American Renaissance and Transcendentalism.pbs.org. PBS, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Margaret Fuller.transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu. Psymon, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014. . Reuben, Paul. Chapter 4: Early Nineteenth Century: American Transcendentalism The Womens Rights Impulse.www.csustan.edu. N.p.. Web. 18 Feb 2014. .

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

We all have had many stones read to us, and even read many ourselves. In elementary school they were stories of Lad, Jane and Spot. Each of us beamed with pride as we stumbled over that first line of "See Lad go," or "Run Jane run." Then, in junior high we learned about plot and theme, and the characters of the stories actually developed personalities. Now, as graduating seniors, many of us have learned that stories can teach us valuable lessons about life. Even the simple stories from elementary school contain lessons that we can relate to our own experiences. One story in particular that just happens to be from my favorite producer, Disney, and emphasizes the importance of friendship is "The Fox and The Hound." As this story demonstrates, the people that we have encountered throughout our lives, as well as our experiences, help us to grow and develop as individuals. I think we all can learn from the example of Tod and Copper: Now, some people will tell you that a fox and a hound could never get along. But Tod and Copper didn't know that. "You're my very best friend." "And yo...

Mutable Feminists: Are We Ready for Them? ::

Mutable Feminists: Are We Ready for Them? Throughout history, as women struggled to gain equality with men, these suffragettes were often ostracized and not accepted by society. In today’s world we find the basic rights which these women were fighting for fair, and the thought that someone would have opposed a woman’s right to vote seems ridiculous. Our society likes to feel that we are less rigid and very open-minded, but is there a type of equality, which we are still not prepared to accept? The two science fiction novels, He, She, and It by Marge Piercy, and The Ship Who Sang by Anne McCaffrey both make strong predictions about the technology, government, and social aspects of the future. Piercy and McCaffrey also express similar feminist views through the characters of Nili and Helva. Although they come from completely different hypothetical universes, these women are able to accomplish amazing feats without falling into a label, and are completely comfortable and proud of who they are. Helva and Nili exemplify feminists who use their strength and confidence with themselves, their constantly mutating attitudes and personalities, and their unique relationships with others to make incredible changes in their worlds. Although the characters of Helva, from The Ship Who Sang, and Nili from He, She, and It, are very different, they actually possess very similar personalities and characteristics. Helva is a human who was crippled at birth and transformed into a shell person. She lives her life inside the safety of a titanium shell, and without the shell’s protection she would be dead. Helva’s limitations may seem severe; however, the shell, which Helva lives in, allows her to have extreme capabilities far more advanced than any regular human’s. Therefore Helva is physically disabled, yet at the same time physically superior. Nili is very different in that she appears to have the body of an average human, and she has the abilities that humans have without needing a shell to protect her. However, they are both very similar because both Helva and Nili need their technological advances in order to survive. If Nili had not undergone alterations as a child, she would have been u nable to survive the incredibly harsh conditions of ‘the black zone’ where she was raised.

Wind Power :: essays papers

Wind Power The wind turbine, also called a windmill, is a means of harnessing the kinetic energy of the wind and converting it into electrical energy. This is accomplished by turning blades called aerofoils, which drive a shaft, which drive a motor (turbine) and ar e connected to a generator. "It is estimated that the total power capacity of winds surrounding the earth is 1 x 1011 Gigawatts" (Cheremisinoff 6). The total energy of the winds fluctuates from year to year. Windmill expert Richard Hills said that the wind really is a fickle source of power, with wind speeds to low or inconsistent for the windmill to be of practical use. However, that hasn't stopped windmill engineers from trying. Today, there are many kinds of windmills, some of which serve differen t functions. They are a complex alternative energy source. What to consider when building a windmill In choosing where to build a windmill, there are many important factors to consider. First is the location: 1) Available wind energy is usually higher near the seacoast or coasts of very large lakes and offshore islands. 2) Available wind energy is gene rally high in the central plains region of the U.S. because of the wide expanses of level (low surface roughness) terrain. 3) Available wind energy is generally low throughout the Southeastern U.S. except for certain hills in the Appalachian and Blue Rid ge Mountains, the North Carolina coast, and the Southern tip of Florida. This is because of the influence of the "Bermuda high" pressure system, which is a factor especially during the summer. Also important to consider is the wind where you are going to build: 1) the mean wind speed (calculated my cubing the averages and taking the mean of the cubes) and its seasonal variations. 2) The probability distribution of wind speed and of extreme wi nds. The mean wind speed must be high enough, and the distribution must be so that all the data points are very similar. 3) The height variation of wind speed and wind direction. Wind cannot be too high or too low in relation to the ground or it is too difficult to harness. 4) The gustiness of the wind field in both speed and direction. Gusty winds greatly affect the power output of the windmills and are usually harmful. 5) The wind direction distribution and probability of sudden large shifts in di rection. The wind must be unlikely to suddenly shift direction.

History of Special Education Essay

Special education has changed in many different ways throughout the last century. The views of they way students with differences should be taught and treated have changed as people have become more open minded. The education laws have also seen a turn about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed opinions and beliefs. Education for children with learning problems has emerged from no education to special funding and programs especially for those individuals with learning problems. The first phase of special education is the largest span of time. The Foundation Phase was from 1800 to  1930, children who had any sign of learning problems were labeled as dumb, retarded, and even brain injured. The reason students would have been labeled as brain injured is because of studies done on war victims and soldiers of war. Many soldiers had head injuries and the way they acted related very similarly to the way â€Å"brain injured† students acted. At this time period researchers and doctors located the area of the brain related to language, or the language function of the brain. The Transition Phase began in 1930 and lasted until 1960. This phase had some turning points in the way â€Å"brain injured† children were taught. Researchers developed instruments for assessment, analyzed specific Atwell 2 types of learning problems and also presented a plan for teaching â€Å"brain injured† children. At this stage the labeling of the children with learning problems was not as harsh as â€Å"brain injured†. The students were called â€Å"children with minimal brain dysfunction†. The turning phase for the education of students with learning problems was the Integration Phase, 1960 to 1980. There was a man by the name of Samuel Kirk, who came up with the name â€Å"learning disabled†. After this term took the place of â€Å"brain injured† and â€Å"minimal  brain dysfunction†, it seemed like there was hope for children with learning problems. Schools started establishing programs for the learning disabled. Funding was provided for teachers to be trained in learning disabilities. The most important part of the Integration Phase is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) in 1975. This act was to ensure that all students no matter what type of problem would receive a â€Å"free and appropriate public education. † The last phase is the Current Phase, from 1980 to the present. One of the major aspects of this phase is inclusion. Inclusion is educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms in their neighborhood schools, with collaborative support services as needed. Another aspect of the Current Phase is when the EMA of 1975 was rewritten as IDEA in 1990. IDEA, Individuals Atwell 3 with Disabilities Education Act, made it hard to suspend or expel students with learning disabilities because of their behavior. IDEA also required that each learning disabled child have an IEP, Individualized Education Program. An IEP is a document that must include current performance of the student, the annual goals the studen  needs to achieve, special education and related services the child needs, participation, if any, with nondisabled children, modifications needed to take state tests, dates and places of when and where special services will be provided and the measuring progress of the child. Before a student can have an IEP, they first must be labeled as a student with a learning disability. There are stages to figure out whether or not a child has a learning disability. The first stage is noticing if a student is having difficulty in one or more subject areas. The next step is to evaluate the child’s  suspected disability area, but before this can take place, the school must receive permission from the parents to evaluate their child. Then the eligibility is decided by a group of qualified professionals along with the parents to determine if the child has a disability defined by IDEA. If found eligible, the IEP team must meet and write an IEP for the child within 30 days of the student being identified as disabled. The IEP team meeting is held and the IEP is written. Atwell 4 Services are then provided for the student. At the end of the year, progress is measured and IEP is reviewed. After this process takes place, every three years after that, the student is reevaluated. By law certain individuals must be involved in the writing of a child’s Individualized Education Program. Parents must be involved because they know their child and what their child may need. Regular education teachers, if the student will be placed in regular classrooms some time during the day, are a need on the team, because they know the general curriculum. They also have knowledge of how to handle behavior problems. The next member of an IEP team should be a special education teacher. This  person will be able to contribute their knowledge in how to modify general curriculum and testing to help the special needs child learn and show what they have learned. The special education teacher also has the responsibility to teach the student and carry out the IEP. The individuals involved in the IEP team are individuals who can interpret evaluation result’s, represent the school system, individuals with knowledge or special expertise about the child, representatives from transition service agencies and the student who the IEP is being written for. Atwell 5 Education has gone through many stages of the way a  child should be taught. The law has made a path for those with learning problems and now there is no stopping them. Children with learning disabilities finally have a chance to excel in school and gives them the opportunity to have a normal life. Atwell 6 Works Cited A Guide to the Individualized Education Program. U. S. Department of Education. 20 Feb. 2001. . Lerner, Janet W. Learning Disabilities: Theories, Diagnosis, andTeaching Strategies. 8th ed. Boston: Ally & Bacon Publishers, 2000. Levine, Daniel U. , Allan C. Ornstein. Foundations of Education. 6th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997.

The Challenge Facing Managed Care Organizations

The greatest ch tout ensembleenge for do itd caution brass sections (MCOs) in our sure time is how to nurse lower priced medical fees. As we only know, American wellness alimony should funda amiablely be a nonprofit enterprise. However, the privatization of American health c atomic number 18 holds that health pull off in common and infirmarys in feature argon increasingly operating on a for-profit basis. In event, the for-profit hospital empyrean has accounted for a relatively constant bundle (about 15 percent) of hospital beds over the die hard twenty years (Morrisson, 1999).This is why tardily the U.S. Congress tries to push to a greater extent consumer-directed health plan options to avoid cash-strapped managed get by organizations (MCOs) to tramp their deductibles, raise agiotages and even defy national law by authorizing policy holders to sully prescription drug drugs from low- personify vendors in Canada (Smith, 23 September 2004).Managed negociate organiza tions (MCOs) often carry the traditional fee-for-service models, which do not put forward adequate financial reserves and utilization incentives for physicians and hospitals to mark off the costs of providing health lot. Under managed care, the expects of the diligents are balanced with efforts to provide cost-effective care. Typically, MCOs scratch subscribers by promising to provide all necessary medical care in exchange for a fixed monthly premium.The MCO similarly sires with hospitals, physicians, and dispel healthcare providers to deal the necessary medical care to its enrollees at a discounted reimbursement rate. In exchange for accept reduced fees, the caregivers gain access to the MCOs enrolees (Kirby, Sebastian & Hornberger, 1998).A problem with managed care is that employers who broaden a health maintenance organization (health maintenance organization) to their employees often pay the premium as long as the health maintenance organization premium was not hig her than the fee-for-service premium. This behavior by employers creates distorted incentives for the HMO in irresponsible its costs. Enthoven (1993) suggested that this incentive distortion can be corrected when employers design better choices for their employer contributions.The employer could stand a fixed-dollar amount for health policy with the employee paying the full digression in the midst of plans. The greater the portion of the marginal premium paid by the employees is, the stronger the incentive is to conduct lower-cost plans. For example, if the employer pays 80 percent of the premium and the employee pays the remainder, whence the employee pays only 20 percent of the difference between the low (lets feign here) HMO premium and the higher fee-for-service premium.HMOs and other managed care ar effigyments are organized on a prepayment basis that appear in a wide variety of forms. An HMO could hire physicians on a salary, contract with a preexisting group get along of physicians, or contract with physicians who maintain a fee-for-service practice. According to Luft (1991), Beca social function specific social, legal, historical, political, and economic aspects of the medical care environment overhear molded words systems much(prenominal) as the HMO, it is not reasonable to expect that the typical HMO could be transplanted intact to another terra firma (p. 173).The key to HMO cost savings is the organizations wide range of medical run, both yardbird and outpatient. In this counsel, the HMO can receive the cost savings implied by reduced hospital intention. This may be difficult to manage in systems where there are separate financing mechanisms for unproblematic care physicians and inpatient care. As Luft (1991, p. 180) remarks. If there were no way to shift funds from the hospital look to the physician side, it would be difficult to recompense clinical decision makers for the development of more cost-effective practice styles.This i s why trine areas appear to vortex a order of opportunities where MCOs can assist patients, these are ambulant care, psychological health and the choice therapies. Firstly, ambulatory care- dainty conditions reflect the quality and availability of uncreated care services, since they are readily treatable without the need for hospitalization insurance. There are differences in the hospitalization rate for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Shenkman et al. (2005) had indicated that military posture ambulatory care is grave for legion(predicate) children with chronic conditions.However, access to such care may be constrained within managed care environments. The use of primary care providers (PCPs) as gatekeepers for managed care organizations (MCOs) is unmatched commonly used strategy to control specialty care use. Studies of the impact of gatekeeping on childrens receipt of specialty care extradite resulted in mixed findings. Some studies make up more specialty car e use in gatekeeping MCOs, compared with non-gatekeeping MCOs.Other researchers found that the stand-in of a gatekeeping system with an open-access model change magnitude specialty visits among a group of children with chronic conditions. Although the instruction on gatekeeping in general yields some important information, MCOs use many other strategies concomitantly with their PCP gatekeepers, such as capitated payments, financial incentives, and prior authorization procedures. The use of these concomitant strategies may meet the erratic needs of children with chronic conditions, including their need for specialty physician care.On the other hand, managed care had been significant contributor on delivery systems for mental health services. Taylor et al. (2001) had indicated that direct and confirming persuasion to provide more cost-effective discourses has been one consequence. The cost-saving qualities and the effectiveness of group interventions mystify produced clear expe ctations for an addd use of therapy groups. In the research of Taylor et al. (2001), they compared perceptions and uses of group interpositions on a national sample of managed care organizations and mental health providers.Implications of differences and similarities between directors of managed care organizations and treatment providers are examined and discussed across five reaction categories (familiarity/training perceived effectiveness, likelihood of reimbursement/referral, daily use and expectation for future use). Taylor et al (2001) favored the approach where MCOs calibrate treatment referral/reimbursement decisions. Recently published comparison import studies and meta-analyses can and should empirically guide the gravel treatment delivering systems.Lastly, many managed care organizations get down already begun to integrate complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) with conventional medical providers. health check practitioners are obligated to assess CAM therapy with patients. resource therapies require sea captains to rethink staff competency, patient assessment, and patient-focused care. Medical leaders must see to it CAM trends and therapies to better integrate these concepts into health care policy, standards of care, and ethical decisions (Parkman, 2001).Among ambulatory care and mental health care, alternative therapies, or CAM, offers the nigh favorable and cost-efficient strategy for MCOs. This is because the maturation baby boom generation is first gear to experience chronic but non-life leaden conditions, such as joint pain, headaches and menopause-related complaints and they are willing to explore options other than prescription drugs. For health plans, the attraction of offering alternative care products lies in retaining and attracting new members, diversifying their services from competitors in a congested managed care market and in attempts to address current or proposed state mandates (West, 1997).In 1997 alo ne, expenses for professional services were $21.2 billion, a 45% increase over the earlier 1990 data. Expenses for professional services, herbals, vitamins, aliment products, books, and classes totaled $27 billion. Five surveys conducted since 1990 have reported frequent use of CAM, ranging from 30% to 73% by patients suffering from conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, HIV and AIDS, seven-fold sclerosis, and chronic musculoskeletal pain.Furthermore, the demand for CAM by the general public is increasing, despite the fact that its use is largely paid by consumers without coverage by third-party payers. In 1997, Americans worn-out(a) an estimated $13 billion for visits to CAM providers and an additional $2 billion for commercial diet supplements and otc megavitamins (Pelletier & Astin, 2002).Managed care should not only focus on cost savings, but they should also look into diversifying their services. MCOs have generally contributed to the pooh-pooh in th e U.S. health cost offset rate. Their potential will continue to be limited to the extent that employers fail to offer true financial advantages to consumers who choose the low-cost health plans. Thus, more reforms in the policies should be reviewed and revised so that more race could benefit from the quality health care everyone deserves.ReferencesEnthoven, A.C. (1993). The History and Principles of Managed Competition. wellness Affairs, supplement, 24-48.Kirby, E.G., Sebastian, J.G. and Hornberger, K.D. (1998, Jan/Feb). The Effect of normative Social forces on Managed negociate Organizations Implications for strategical management/Practitioner Response. Journal of healthcare Management. 43(1)81-106.Luft, H. (1991). Translating the U.S. HMO Experience to Other wellness System. health Affairs 10172-186.Morrison, I. (1999). wellness tutelage in the New Millennium. NY lav Wiley & Sons, Inc.Parkman, C. (2001, February). Alternative Therapies Are Here to Stay. treat Management , 32(2) 36-40.Pelletier, K.R. and Astin, J.A. (2002, Jan/Feb). Integration and Reimbursement of Complementary and Alternative practice of medicine by Managed Care and Insurance Providers 2000 update and Cohort Analysis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8(1) 38-44.Shenkman, E., Tian, L. and Schatz, D. (2005, June). Managed Care Organization Characteristics and Outpatient Specialty Care Use Among Children With Chronic Illness. Pediatrics, 115(6) 1547-1555.Smith, C. (2004, Spetember 23). Senate Panel Examines Health Care Choices, Insurance Costs. Knight Ridder Tribune.Taylor, N.T., Burlingame, G.M., Kristensen, K.B., Fuhriman, A. et al. (2001, April). A Survey of Mental Health Care Providers and Managed Care Organization Attitudes Toward, Familiarity With, and Use of group Interventions. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 51(2) 243-264.West, D. (1997, November 10). MCOs combine Alternative Care. National Underwriter, 101(45) 58.